The Chinese are real manufacturing the ancestor of standardization. Qin shihuang terracotta warriors and horses in xian unearthed many weapons, through the study, the archaeological experts manufacturing process achieves the to the extent of the perfect. With the largest number of arrows, for example, almost every one of the size of the arrow is completely consistent, presents a modern air dynamics viewpoint is also in accordance with the curve is very perfect, flight furthest, and through the body strength is the largest. You know, this is two thousand DuoNian levels before.

1. The OSI seven layer model

OSI seven layer model also called OSI/RM, is the international organization for standardization of the definition of the network architecture model.

ISO in 1977 set up a special committee to needle points the network structure, this essay open systems interconnection model, and defines the function of each level. Open systems interconnection of the seven layers of the OSI reference model, including: Daniel things layer, the data link HP Pavilion DV6 battery layer, network layer, the transport layer, layer, layer and session said application layer.

The function of each layer for:

The physical layer. Provide for establish, maintain and broken in addition to physical link required mechanical, electrical, function and characteristics of the procedures, and provide on a link in the physical structure of the transmission and a flow, fault detection instructions function;

The data link layer. In the physical channel establish has certain information transmission grid type and transmission control function of the channel, provide the data link control the flow, detection and school are physical link produce error;

The network layer. Control of data through communication subnet activities, including routing choose choose, crowded control, network interconnection, and other functions, its characteristics of high is transparent, root according to the requirements of the transport layer to choose the quality of service, to the transport layer report fails to regain the mistake;

The transport layer. Provide establish, maintain and dismantle transfer the function of the connection, the choice of the network layer provides the most appropriate service, in the system provides the reliable between transparent data transmission, provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control;

Session layer. Provide between two processes to establish, maintain and the end of the session, providing interactive connection function of conversation, there are three management function of data flow direction control model, that is, all the way interaction of two road and two road and alternate conversation mode;

The presentation layer. Representative application process negotiations, said complete data transfer data, format and text compression;

The application layer. Provide OSI user service, such as transaction processing procedures, file transfer protocol and network management and so on.

Each network node with the seven levels of all or some level of function, each node of the same level of communication between the rules and conventions called protocols. A key component of the agreement is: grammar, including data format, code and signal electric equality; Semantic, including in coordination and error control information processing; Timing, including speed matching and sort.

OSI is the first network system, the standard about in this international standard, made clear the many of the concept of network, the development of the network has played a very important role in guiding the. The hierarchical analysis method, a method of classic in computer technology. But, OSI is not a standard of success:

The level division, caused too much of the relationship between the layer and layer is too complex. So far, no a network product to achieve all the seven layers of the content;

Standard itself to network interconnection of the definition of the development of the network speed, it is insufficient; plan

Lack of the relevant contents of network security, then in ISO7498-2 got complement, showed a lack of awareness of safety.

In essence, due to network interconnection OSI itself lack of understanding of the Internet to lost great opportunity of development, leading to be defeated by TCP/IP.

But, in the human network OSI development process in the historical contributions are indelible. 2. IEEE802 series

The main body of the Internet is actually the collection of local area network. The standard of local area network by beautiful kingdom is electrical and electronic engineers (ieee IEEE802 committee for, called IEEE802 standards. The 802 series standard in technology and market has been a huge success, then IEEE802 LAN standards MSI Wind U100 battery have been got ISO, the adoption of a computer LAN for the fact that, this is the standard ISO8802 standards.

IEEE802 basically include the following standards:

IEEE802.1, system structure and high-level interface;

IEEE802.2, logical link control LLC

IEEE802.3, CSMA/CD (with collision detection of the carrier with more complex protected reliably against detective road) access control method and the physical layer technical specifications;

IEEE802.4, token bus access control method and physical technical specifications;

IEEE802.5, token ring access control method and the physical layer standard;

IEEE802.6, access control method and the physical (technical standard;

IEEE802 standard mainly to solve the seven layers of the following two layer model. We can from another Angle to see IEEE802.

3. TCP/IP

The seven layers of the OSI model by influence, in order to TCP/IP protocol that system also has a corresponding five layer model.

In the TCP/IP protocol system, does not involve the content of the physical layer.

TCP and UDP is transport layer protocol. TCP mean TCP, UDP? Is the data reported agreement. According to professional term, TCP provide reliable transport layer does not provide the reliable service UDP transport services. Reliable and not how to distinguish the reliable?

This is like phone calls and emails through the post. When we through the telephone network is absorbing the voice communication, if interference, cause we can’t hear each other words, can immediately requirements to repeat. English “Pardon,” “Pardon please” or “commission on this money exchange” is used here; E-mail is different, if not to do special requirements, to the post office, we can’t guarantee letters were delivered accurately and letters of them received (of course can now be confirmed by phone or registered, and it became the TCP or UDP improved).

IP is network interconnection agreement, is the main network layer protocols. TCP and UDP data after group via IP network layer after the realization transmission.

ICMP is the control message agreement, subsidiary IP, IP layer through the ICMP and Lord machine or routers exchange control information, mainly is the message mistake and other information.

IGMP is Internet group management, its effect is Sony BPS2 battery a message agreement for the UDP data broadcast transmission to DuoGe host,.

ARP is address translation agreement, the role is to realize address analysis, from IP address to turn in MAC address (nic address); On the contrary, RARP from MAC address translation for IP address.

Note ARP and RARP agreement is we want to use every day of the agreement, this is because the popularity of Ethernet, basically most computer in the network is Ethernet. It is also said most of the ground floor of the TCP/IP is based on Ethernet.

The first is WanNi watts’ bush (Vannevar bush). Roosevelt in 1940 WanNi tile, total all invited to join the bush U.S. defense research council and for chairman. WanNi watts’ bush on the Internet do the biggest contribution is to set up a small group, and the team eventually realize the NCP. He is the most direct to the Internet in the shadow is a paper for a dubbed “memex” information system of the revolution, his description of description to a lot of people into the early Internet research. WanNi tile “bush’s dream in the decades later today, with personal computers, web pages and search engines such as the development of technology and popularization, and ultimately become a reality.

The second key character is famous cybernetics founder norbert “wiener

(Norbert Wiener). Weiner’s cybernetics inspired a generation of scientists to PA3506U-1BRS battery think about how such as using computer as an extension of the human ability means. His theory is a direct impact on the Internet a few important period after the researchers.

The third key character is Marshall McLuhan Marshall (” some Herbert Marshall McLuhan points). Some Herbert Marshall McLuhan points first proposed a Global Village (Village) Global optimisation techniques the concept of a Global Village, and this is the so-called electronic nerve system interconnection (Interconnect) up. His point was a revolutionary, and thoroughly changed the people to the media, technology and communication understanding.

A very important meeting is 1956 years of Dartmouth artificial intelligence meeting

The 1956 Aritficial Intelligence (Dartmouth’t). In this time will be very clearly in discussion, put forward the “technology is to speed the concept of” development index, and put forward a series of which has led to the results. The meeting has not only led to the birth of the artificial intelligence can, and make later generations of scientists know that technology will be a kind of deep heart Ming the way benefit from humans.

Anti-virus software is the earliest information security system, the development of technology is also the most mature. The wall and attack detection system is also very strong security tools.

(a) anti-virus software

Anti-virus software also called antivirus software. And other software different, the anti-virus soft thing field, domestic producers have condoms.

Currently, the most famous antivirus software have jinshan HP dv9000 battery drug gangsters, spectrum star, jiangmin series etc. In addition to the outside, foreign kaspersky anti-virus software in the home also has many users. Due to technical ihde, antivirus software market products tend to homogeneity. For antivirus system in the biggest disadvantage is forever, and the development of behind the virus. Is the same spear and the shield relationship, one is always active attack, by very many defensive limit, difficult to actively seeking out against method.

Many researchers are trying to get breakthrough in mathematics, found a virus into ‘line identification intelligent algorithms.

poison software core is signatures. At present, the collection of virus features is related to the main work of software products company, the process is in fact so-called antivirus, comparison of virus refunding process. ‘

Figure 6-3 shows, is the typical working principle anti-virus software. Matching process is actually a string or signature query process. By in different virus infection mechanism is different, so does not guarantee that all of the virus from infected files code can be thoroughly remove in. For not cleared the files can adopt note, although most, but some file is support by the operating system is running, with can’t literally deleted, only in a new installation file substitute.

So-called isolation is take measures to ban file continue, this is a more conservative approach than, can be in isolation Sony PCGA-BP2E battery system of the whole system, check its shadow ring, then the asc take further measures.

Antivirus software current will provide real-time antivirus functions, namely to what you receive or running program always, in order to avoid infected by Chad, guide to find again after can’t handle. This function the effect is very apparent, but on system performance have larger effects.

All the antivirus software companies provide signatures and antivirus engine (software update core code) network to network function to keep software update for the new virus is the best method effectively.

(2) firewall

Firewall just 311 than speak English. Firewalls can be hardware, also can be the software product 0

Firewall’s main function is in two network between the Internet and the Intranet between especially implementation of access control strategy, as shown in figure 6-4 below. The network points through the firewall, part two: reliable became network and can’t be trusted network. Firewalls within the network says for reliable network, the network firewall called not reliable network.

However, before the connection of all kinds of LAN but have different network knot structure and data transmission rules, will these small nets connected between the net after what kind of rule by transmit data? It’s like in the world many a country, each nation of people say their language, the world any two people can do to communicate? If people all over the world can speak the same language (namely esperanto;) , this problem is not solved? TCP/IP protocol is the “esperanto” on the Internet. And IP address is stipulated in the agreement of “house number”.

The so-called IP address is actually based on TCP/IP theory had specified network address.

TCP/IP (Chinese translation for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) protocol is as the most basic written agreement to print, say simply, it is by the bottom of the IP protocol and TCP protocol composition.

TCP/IP is common international network protocol, is also the first set of protocols HP Presario CQ35 battery used in Internet, also just because there are TCP/IP standard, the world’s computer equipment can link to the Internet, and mutual visits and sharing resources.

In our real life, public network, network are two Internet access styles. A network access: Internet computer get IP address is Internet address, retain the reserves are as follows three forms address:

10. X.X.X

172.16. 172.31 x.x x.x to j

192.168.. x.x

NAT is network address translation, it implements the IP address and connection between the address of lo-fi converts mutually, the amount of the connection IP address into a or a small amount of public network IP address, reduce to occupy the IP address with fixed tele-and datacom solutions. The most typical application is NAT is designed in a local area network, only need a computer connection, can use NAT Internet, Internet connection sharing LAN other computers can also surf the Internet. Use NAT agreement, local area network computer can access the INTERNET on computers, but INTERNET computer unable to visit local area network computer. Windows operating system’s Internet connection sharing, sygate, winroute, Unix/Linux outstanding software such as, are using NAT agreement to Internet connection sharing. All your ISP (Internet service provider) provide Internet access, the connection of almost all are based on NAT agreement.

The computer connection with NAT (network address translation) agreement, through a public gateway access the Internet. The connection to the computer can send other computers on the Internet, but the Internet connection request in other computer unable to send connection TOSHIBA Satellite M100 battery requests the connection of computer.

Public network access: Internet computer get IP address is not retained address on the Internet. Public network computer and other computers on the Internet to visit each other.

In chapter 3, we introduces the basic concepts of general address. Know the IP address of the definition and classification, then how will we addressing? Below we introduce IP address addressing rules:

(1) network addressing rules

Network address must be the only one;

Network identifier can’t begin to digital 127. In human address, number 127 reserved for internal back to send function for loop testing; (127.1.1.1 ) ;

Network identifier first byte cannot for 255. Bo words as a broadcast address; 255

Network identifier first byte cannot as “0″, “0″ said the address is the local host, cannot transfer.

Network is how to connect?

Very clear is that will make the two network connected, there must be in two network connecting two computer, it is in this between two computers must have a cable (or cable, microwave, etc) constitutes a path. But simple cable connected couldn’t finish communication.

Connection between network and can in the network of packet transmission equipment called gateway, also called the Internet gateway. With the development of technology, connected network gage mode increase and gateway technology ihde, now called routers, this is the Internet of the main equipment.

Router’s task was to the computer networks 1 to 2 to the network needs to Dell 1520 battery send data packet transmission to correctly, also to network and the network of computers for two networks 1 data sent to correctly forwarding to network 1.

It looks simple, it seems only need to complete the following router work:

To be able to and two network connected;

To be able to receive two network packets;

Must be able to extract from packet address;

Want to know the destination address is in the bag networks 1 or network 2. But will appear this question:

If the network 1 and 2 of the computer network, the router can handle a lot? If the network 1 and network 2 data format is different, the router?

If there is a lot of network connected between need to find needed, routers can purpose?

To solve these problems, the router must have the following abilities:

Must have enough storage HP Presario v3000 battery space, storage network address;

Must have enough routing capabilities.

When the scale of the network is big enough, the structure of the Internet should be.

The router feet is constitute the main equipment, in Internet, each network within the Internet treasure-the are equal, each computer must belong to a network.

A clear-cut, stick to the orientation of advanced socialist culture

Any kind of culture has its value orientation. Network culture has its openness and people of the side, must, regional and national country for the mainstream culture dominated and influence. Our network culture, is the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics is an important part of the advanced productive forces, it is the most general requirement and send exhibition of culture, and the fundamental interests of people naturally should adhere to the orientation of advanced socialist culture. If you give up this direction, let wrong ideas, decadent cultures in online pandemic, will appear online thought culture and social mainstream value deviation, the situation will lead to social disorder, low morale, work for the party and the people of severe disaster irreparable. Facts have proved that the world is not a virtual network, advanced culture, not to occupy backward will go to capture. Persisting in advance to the advanced culture square on this problem, we must be alert, at any time, any and all circumstances shall unswervingly, horse tiger. In the us, the network position with any excuses are not allowed to distribute violates the four cardinal principles of harmful information and K42 battery offensive language, never allow those who profane core value system of socialism, severe poisoned people behind the decadent, popular culture and get around. Whether news website, government web site, or the campus, various kinds of social networks and to convey the party and government’s voice, spread into the mainstream culture, advocate first scientific spirit, good heart, promote social shaping conies, trying to provide products and services with the mainstream ideology, conform to the socialist core value system, beauty, JiaChouE whip eulogizing whip, try hard to form a fully respect the individual freedom and personal create and maintain good communication network, respect for differences and order of diverse and powerful boycott inclusive of all sorts of wrong ideas and decadent cultures network environment.

Second, strengthen the construction of network culture positions

To strengthen network culture construction and management, the first is the construction and development. We must strengthen the consciousness of opportunity, exhibition, seize the subject consciousness, strengthening cultural base construction. Network, The growing network culture array as a strategic task, strive to build a comprehensive strength and extensive influence both at home and abroad have the website, gradually formed by news website as backbone, other news website for auxiliary, governments at all levels, the main business website net station, campus culture and other professional web site on the Internet, and jointly promote the active participation of the culture construction of lively situation.

News website, is the base of the network culture construction to build good management, the goal. Before the public eye, have the information network six official web site, and the news and more than 30 provinces where the registered information news website. This news website, 40 is a huge network resources advantage, make full use of the advantage of a province, and the key to promote our news sites and softwears nets of great importance to the development of culture positive role. However, despite the news website, but know the number of degrees, the effect is not high. Main reasons, one is the mechanism not to live, Second is the model, not convergent features and sound columns, Three is the service M1310 battery function, Sustainable development ability is four. How to solve these problems and promote news website especially news website great-leap-forward hair, need to study the feasible thinking, take measures. At present, we should do from two aspects: one is to enter to further strengthen support, the news website where departments and units to continue from funds, resource allocation, policy, talent introduction to support etc. Two is to deepen the reform of net station itself and enhance their ability of sustainable development. All news website should further emancipate thought, enhancing vitality, actively promote the system and mechanism innovation, hard in forming its own characteristics, perfect service and improving the competitive power can fluctuate, characterizing, level, and constantly expand the influence, the real construction as influential as the spread of advanced culture.

The government website to strengthen information authority, reading, improve the public service function, increase in information only, timeliness, and solve some government website, content, face old old, information play a better promotion party and government policy and service function of the masses.

To fully mobilize commercial websites of enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and guided them sound management system, and provide more according to credit management network culture, health products in the development of network culture construction boom swing found constructive role.

In addition, the campus web site, literature, drama, web sites, art, science and technology, education, web site as Internet website to satisfy different needs of the community spirit culture, but also the social professional website net Asus A6000 battery winding indispensable culture construction. But in general, these sites, small size and influence to further encourage, standardize guide. To support various association, learn about such mass organizations and institutions and social institutions, strive to run their own professional websites related to exert its cultural knowledge, satisfy the special requirement. Various websites will play the initiative and creativity, become prosperous development, healthy product, is the important power network culture.

The superior quality of each piece of mobile phone batteries, from the outside looks are neat and clean, color texture is very clear, the surface casing has no scratches and damage the office; and posted on the label the battery case, should include the Toshiba Tecra S2 battery type, model, capacity , positive and negative signs, standard voltage, battery manufacturers names and other parameters. In addition, the battery touch metal on the chip, it should be no scratches, should not become moldy with green or black phenomenon. If you choose to cell phone batteries, with a genuine mobile phone batteries described above, the phenomenon does not look the same, then it can basically identify the current purchase of the battery is fake.

Charge observation

In general, the superior performance of the cell phone battery, an internal over-current protection device, once the external short-circuit the phone, give rise to significant impact on current, the overcurrent protection device can automatically cut off the charging circuit in order to avoid cell phone batteries due to high current the impact of the phenomenon of the event of damage or burning. The bad battery is likely that there is no over-current protection devices; so lengthy battery charging, the battery shell may appear the phenomenon of boiling, the worst case, smoking behavior may occur. If the battery charge did not take long, hot phenomenon appeared, then the battery 10 with ** are defective. This identification method, the biggest advantage is the ability to more accurately test the genuine and fake mobile phone batteries come out, but also a variety of Toshiba Portege M200 battery are valid.

These methods are and the various vendors and a few friends in chat when the shrimp-class summed up. In general, the machine is suitable for the vast majority of Friends of the selection battery. Some of these methods though stupid, but very useful indeed. Hoping to buy for everyone for the love machine when the Toshiba Satellite A60 battery can buy as cheap and high quality products.

Here’s “See the color,” in fact refers to the carefully observed the appearance of the color mobile phone battery, whether appearance of the color line and cell phone. At present, many mobile phone manufacturers, in order to gain a firm foothold in the market quite a mixed bag, protecting their own interests, often through continuous technological innovation, to strive to improve the Toshiba Satellite A100 battery technological level mobile phone batteries, with a view through the quality of suppression of high-quality counterfeit batteries to ensure that battery sales. Under normal circumstances, the appearance of genuine mobile phone batteries appearance of colors and color is identical. Therefore, we can just choose to install the battery cell phone to see if the color is the same between them, if between them the appearance of color, there is a clear difference in color, the battery most likely is fake and shoddy products.

Texture identification method

Some types of mobile phone Toshiba Satellite Pro 6100 battery, we can point texture according to whether or not the hard way to identify genuine and fake batteries. Force pressing the dome-shaped cell phone battery point, and directly with your fingers and feel the soft and hard levels of the conjugate point. Often, a combination of genuine mobile phone batteries are relatively soft texture of a number of points, but also show some flexibility, especially in the battery when inserted into the phone, there is a smooth non-blocking, insert the comfortable feeling, and elastic fit, and cell phone with a very harmonious, stable and reliable locking; on the contrary, poor battery relatively hard texture a little more, and the Toshiba Satellite A65 battery installed, not very easy to “slip” into the cell phone battery slot.

This method has the advantage that operation is very simple, the same is also suitable for “rookie” user. The disadvantage is that identification accuracy is not high, and the identification of a limited range!

Existence of fake battery are a common problem: the battery inside the core components??? Battery chips of poor quality, insufficient charge and discharge time is short, anti-sabotage poor performance, the marked discrepancies with the actual battery capacity.

Currently on the market flooded with counterfeit mobile phone battery, so that the interests of many Toshiba NB200 battery consumers suffer. Genuine mobile phone battery generally have the following exterior features: battery label use of the second printing technology, in a certain light, and from the slope of view, part of the color bar code significantly more than in other parts of the black, and Mo Shangqu hand feel a little more than other parts of the convex, many with original equipment battery have this characteristic. Genuine battery label at the surface of the white light with metal objects designated, have similar across traces of a pencil. Battery shell is made with special material, very strong, difficult to damage, under normal circumstances is not easy to open the battery case, battery and tidy appearance, there is no extra burr, a certain degree of roughness of the outer Toshiba Satellite A105 battery surface and feel comfortable, feel smooth inner surface, lighting be able to see finer vertical scratches.

Cell phone battery film electrode and the width of the same corresponding position in the bottom of the battery electrodes marked “+”"-” mark, battery charging electrodes separation between the materials and shell materials, the same as, but not one. battery into mobile phones should feel comfortable, comfortable. Battery lock push part of the card spaces appropriate, firmly. The battery label writing clear, there are corresponding with the battery type of battery parts number. Battery manufacturers should outline a clear, and the anti-counterfeiting marks the Toshiba Satellite M115 battery brightness is good, there are three-dimensional look.

Weigh weight

Under normal circumstances, the weight of lightweight lithium-ion battery, each battery is about more than 100 grams; taking into account the obvious characteristics of and can not fake Toshiba Satellite A135 battery, we can use the method of measuring the weight of mobile phone battery to identify whether the battery only ” sell dog meat “of the type, after all other types of battery, and lithium-ion battery in terms of weight difference between the relatively large, a simple one, said that the weight of too much or if the battery are overweight too far away from the 100 grams of the standard, then, we can roughly be inferred The battery are fake and shoddy products.

Has the advantage of this method to identify them more intuitive Toshiba Satellite M70 battery, the operation is simple. The disadvantage is that identification is limited in scope to the identification of lithium-ion battery effective, and inconvenient to implement, who will carry it around with a steelyard in?

First, the length of standby time

The length of the battery standby time is an important indicator to measure strengths and weaknesses of the battery. Battery life is the length of time constitutes a single battery charge battery balanced decision. Battery standby time and the instructions are really on the Toshiba Qosmio F50 battery logo to be basically the same. The false identification of only half the time. Some low-quality battery is used as the secondary battery cell core, coupled with new packaging assembly made of. If the seller can not guarantee standby time in line with the instructions, you can not buy the batteries. Some sellers promises, in fact, he did not know the battery’s actual capacity, but only casually spoken. This battery is generally poor quality of the battery cell manufacturing. If found to stand a short time after purchase should be returned immediately asked.

Second, the battery capacity

Mobile phone battery capacity generally of 1000 mA / hour or 1000mah two kinds. Some did not leave the battery capacity of identification, there is also illegible logo. The battery can also be obtained to measure the current mobile phone repair shop in order to distinguish the authenticity. Now we are all used in lithium batteries, but lithium batteries by several sections 5 and 7, similar to the size of the battery string together, coupled with switching devices and protection circuits formed. Therefore, it has a certain weight. If you buy a lithium battery too light, indicating insufficient capacity battery cell, the battery may be a problem. General 900mah lithium battery cell weighs 35g, if a battery cell core plus other equipment and the battery shell weighs less than 35g, then this piece of the battery may be false Toshiba Satellite M45 battery .

Third, security

Mobile phone battery is inflammable and explosive articles, and if the battery does not protect the internal circuitry, it easy to deformation, leakage, or even an explosion. However, many low-quality batteries for a low price to attract consumers, removed the piece of circuit protection board, in order to earn greater profits. The battery on the market this insecurity is also a lot of people from Toshiba Satellite A100 battery appearance difficult to identify. The best time of purchase to the store to buy the regular telecom.

Mobile phone batteries on the market today are mainly three types: lithium-ion batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries and nickel Toshiba Satellite A50 battery. The largest capacity for lithium-ion battery, standby time, long, light weight, is the mainstream varieties of cell phone batteries. Therefore, as described above are mainly lithium batteries.