The Chinese are real manufacturing the ancestor of standardization. Qin shihuang terracotta warriors and horses in xian unearthed many weapons, through the study, the archaeological experts manufacturing process achieves the to the extent of the perfect. With the largest number of arrows, for example, almost every one of the size of the arrow is completely consistent, presents a modern air dynamics viewpoint is also in accordance with the curve is very perfect, flight furthest, and through the body strength is the largest. You know, this is two thousand DuoNian levels before.

1. The OSI seven layer model

OSI seven layer model also called OSI/RM, is the international organization for standardization of the definition of the network architecture model.

ISO in 1977 set up a special committee to needle points the network structure, this essay open systems interconnection model, and defines the function of each level. Open systems interconnection of the seven layers of the OSI reference model, including: Daniel things layer, the data link HP Pavilion DV6 battery layer, network layer, the transport layer, layer, layer and session said application layer.

The function of each layer for:

The physical layer. Provide for establish, maintain and broken in addition to physical link required mechanical, electrical, function and characteristics of the procedures, and provide on a link in the physical structure of the transmission and a flow, fault detection instructions function;

The data link layer. In the physical channel establish has certain information transmission grid type and transmission control function of the channel, provide the data link control the flow, detection and school are physical link produce error;

The network layer. Control of data through communication subnet activities, including routing choose choose, crowded control, network interconnection, and other functions, its characteristics of high is transparent, root according to the requirements of the transport layer to choose the quality of service, to the transport layer report fails to regain the mistake;

The transport layer. Provide establish, maintain and dismantle transfer the function of the connection, the choice of the network layer provides the most appropriate service, in the system provides the reliable between transparent data transmission, provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control;

Session layer. Provide between two processes to establish, maintain and the end of the session, providing interactive connection function of conversation, there are three management function of data flow direction control model, that is, all the way interaction of two road and two road and alternate conversation mode;

The presentation layer. Representative application process negotiations, said complete data transfer data, format and text compression;

The application layer. Provide OSI user service, such as transaction processing procedures, file transfer protocol and network management and so on.

Each network node with the seven levels of all or some level of function, each node of the same level of communication between the rules and conventions called protocols. A key component of the agreement is: grammar, including data format, code and signal electric equality; Semantic, including in coordination and error control information processing; Timing, including speed matching and sort.

OSI is the first network system, the standard about in this international standard, made clear the many of the concept of network, the development of the network has played a very important role in guiding the. The hierarchical analysis method, a method of classic in computer technology. But, OSI is not a standard of success:

The level division, caused too much of the relationship between the layer and layer is too complex. So far, no a network product to achieve all the seven layers of the content;

Standard itself to network interconnection of the definition of the development of the network speed, it is insufficient; plan

Lack of the relevant contents of network security, then in ISO7498-2 got complement, showed a lack of awareness of safety.

In essence, due to network interconnection OSI itself lack of understanding of the Internet to lost great opportunity of development, leading to be defeated by TCP/IP.

But, in the human network OSI development process in the historical contributions are indelible. 2. IEEE802 series

The main body of the Internet is actually the collection of local area network. The standard of local area network by beautiful kingdom is electrical and electronic engineers (ieee IEEE802 committee for, called IEEE802 standards. The 802 series standard in technology and market has been a huge success, then IEEE802 LAN standards MSI Wind U100 battery have been got ISO, the adoption of a computer LAN for the fact that, this is the standard ISO8802 standards.

IEEE802 basically include the following standards:

IEEE802.1, system structure and high-level interface;

IEEE802.2, logical link control LLC

IEEE802.3, CSMA/CD (with collision detection of the carrier with more complex protected reliably against detective road) access control method and the physical layer technical specifications;

IEEE802.4, token bus access control method and physical technical specifications;

IEEE802.5, token ring access control method and the physical layer standard;

IEEE802.6, access control method and the physical (technical standard;

IEEE802 standard mainly to solve the seven layers of the following two layer model. We can from another Angle to see IEEE802.

3. TCP/IP

The seven layers of the OSI model by influence, in order to TCP/IP protocol that system also has a corresponding five layer model.

In the TCP/IP protocol system, does not involve the content of the physical layer.

TCP and UDP is transport layer protocol. TCP mean TCP, UDP? Is the data reported agreement. According to professional term, TCP provide reliable transport layer does not provide the reliable service UDP transport services. Reliable and not how to distinguish the reliable?

This is like phone calls and emails through the post. When we through the telephone network is absorbing the voice communication, if interference, cause we can’t hear each other words, can immediately requirements to repeat. English “Pardon,” “Pardon please” or “commission on this money exchange” is used here; E-mail is different, if not to do special requirements, to the post office, we can’t guarantee letters were delivered accurately and letters of them received (of course can now be confirmed by phone or registered, and it became the TCP or UDP improved).

IP is network interconnection agreement, is the main network layer protocols. TCP and UDP data after group via IP network layer after the realization transmission.

ICMP is the control message agreement, subsidiary IP, IP layer through the ICMP and Lord machine or routers exchange control information, mainly is the message mistake and other information.

IGMP is Internet group management, its effect is Sony BPS2 battery a message agreement for the UDP data broadcast transmission to DuoGe host,.

ARP is address translation agreement, the role is to realize address analysis, from IP address to turn in MAC address (nic address); On the contrary, RARP from MAC address translation for IP address.

Note ARP and RARP agreement is we want to use every day of the agreement, this is because the popularity of Ethernet, basically most computer in the network is Ethernet. It is also said most of the ground floor of the TCP/IP is based on Ethernet.

There’s one problem, the router to many network connectivity to constitute the Internet, when together received a group, it is how to know which one should be sent to the net? Collaterals

This is the router of work to do.

The current router basically has the following kinds of functions:

Network interconnection

This is the basic function of the router. The router LAN and provide various wide area network interface, some used for wireless will provide wireless connection.

Network management

Network management function also is the most important function of the router. The router configuration hp mini 210 battery management, provide including performance management, fault tolerant management and flow control, and other functions.

Function expansion

The router after long-term development, can provide some special services and security functions, such as packet filtering, packet forwarding, priority, reuse, encryption, and compression and the threshold, and so on.

The router internal have a of the crucial data structure: routing table. Routing process is the route table lookup process. In the routing table being the routing mediator necessary information.

There are two kinds of generating mechanism of routing table: static routing table and dynamic routing table, can also be called static routing and in dynamic routing.

By the system administrator ahead of the routing table set called static routing table. Static state routing tables are generally in the system when installation and configuration of the network is according to the predetermined. Static routing defect is not be with network topology structure changed.

Dynamic routing table is router according to certain algorithm and generating strategy, according to the operation condition of network system and automatic adjustment route table. According to the routing protocol router the function of the network, provide to the situation of the automatic identification, automatic calculation of data transmission is the most beautiful path.

A router is located in the network layer, network layer provides equipment in PA3284U-1BAS battery connection services. By the way the connecting with network can use in data link layer and the physical layer completely different association appropriately. According to different realization mechanism, the router can transfer fee, according to transfer time delay, network congestion or source and the distance between the end to choose the best path.

This virus outbreak in June 1998 in Taiwan, is considered the most dangerous, one of the most destructive computer virus. Worldwide the $2000 80 million loss. 

1999 years of Melissa virus (2)

This is a most famous (ncsa), March 26, 1999 outbreak, infected 15%-20% of the commercial PC, give worldwide losses in about three to 600 million dollars.

(3) 2000 years of I love you virus May 3, 2000 in Hong Kong, seems to be the first outbreak is Chinese works. Is a use of Visual Basic script language to write viruses, to bring in the global loss between $100 15 billion.

(4) 2001 years of red code viruses on July 13, 2001, to the global outbreak damage probably is $2.6 billion.

(5) 2003 years of SQL Slammer virus

In the January 25, 2003 outbreak. The virus is the main target Acer Extensa 5560 battery of the Internet server, about 500000 servers be attacked. (6) 2003 years of shock wave virus outbreak in the summer of 2003, several hundreds of thousands of computer is infected, give worldwide losses in 20-$10 billion.

(7) the great promise in F virus on August 19, 2003, for previous outbreaks varieties, and to bring in the global loss of 50 to 10 billion dollars.

(8) 2004 years of the joy of virus on January 18, 2004, to the global outbreak bring tens of millions of dollars more losses.

(9) 2004 years of MyDoom virus

January 26, 2004 at peak times, broke out, to load time slow network more than 50%.

(10) 2004 years of Sasser virus on April 30, 2004, to the global outbreak brought tens of millions of dollars loss.

The transmission way and method of virus copy themselves process is typical of the infection process. The spread of the virus main approaches are:

(1) web page scripts

Use of the characteristics of the network script, loading plug-ins, spreading the virus. Use the plugin is the popularization of the Internet since most common transmission. Because the browser on the support of the plugin, to enable the virus to the code is the hiding place.

(2) file copy and installation

Through the file copies, using the program or batch processing mechanism, is in when the HP NC6100 battery virus spread of DOS mechanism. At present, the disk is not the main file copy of the media, but use the network or CD, with the virus during the execution procedures, when a user performs process in order of time, realize the spread of the virus.

(3) document template

Similar Microsoft Office system of macro mechanism, it is very use to improve the mechanism in the process of making Office document efficiency be value. But because of the macro executable code for the spread of the virus, provides a new way.

(4) network

Here through the website or download documents for the spread of the virus, all is the use the Internet as a way to spread. Through the network and another way is to spread, directly to the Internet and winding network host for active attack, not through the file copying. Also, the virus is self-replicating ability.

(2) why said TCP/IP not safe

TCP/IP is not a security agreement system. In fact, we have not a safety network and agreement, all the security of the system seems to be on the Internet is in repairing the loophole.

There is a very common information, known as the “destination attack means not to attack strike”, is the TCP/IP protocol the defects of the system is the implementation of the attack, and we can see this kind of principle.

In the TCP/IP protocol, the IP system to realize “the host” bag (or to host data reported) relay service.

The control message agreement is part Dell E4300 battery of the IP layer, but it need to use some IP services, so in the TCP/IP structure of the model, the ICMP and IP is located in the same layer, but the partial position.

ICMP’s main function is to communication between computers exchange control information, is mainly used to host communication error messages.

In the ICMP, there are three important control “and other types of news) :

Source host to a target address them, send data in the routing table if router can’t find to change the destination address and its path at this time for the purpose of data, the address is unreachable, the router to source host returns ICMP destination unreachable, notice the time away interest communication can’t succeed.

(2) overtime news

In each IP data in baotou there is a “survival time field” instructions in abandoned in packets before the duration of the network. Each packet of time to keep online jump points, including a measure jumping point said to the destination node packets path of a router (gateway). When data report after the router forwards, survival time field value minus one. If a packet of survival time field value is 0, when the router will discard the packets and to source machine to send messages. Overtime

(3) back to show request and back to show a reply

With A host to host B transmit data, wants to know whether the activities Acer Extensa 5210 battery (B ‘boot and can realize connection >, this time the host A to B can send ICMP echoing news. If B is for the activities of the, the ICMP back to show A reply to back to answer. When A received this response news, is can confirm that B is the activity, and can finish into normal correspondence. Germinated PING is to realize the process. The host A and B is located in two network router R connected to the network. 1 and 2, the host network A hope and host B communication, will host the packet to B. The invaders won the network host 1 C access rights. This time by using network broadcasting mechanism, the invaders to Internet radio destination unreachable message, statement R connected network unreachable. This time will make network router and 2 not interrupt with R all network 1 and 2 of the communication network.

This exploits a host of the invasion, can make the network and service paralyzed. The TCP/IP protocol itself to network to attack the mechanism, in addition to the above mentioned destination unreachable attack, there DuoZhong method.

(3) network sniffing

This vocabulary is Sniffer, translation for Sniffer.

Sniffer work principle is to make mixed mode at this time in the network card work according to the character of Ethernet network card, to have received all packets, and no matter who is the receiver. Use of software for these received several according to processing, the extraction of valuable information, is typical of the monitoring network model.

We in the Internet, the data sent in is transferred to the cable before, in the network on the second floor of the will is divided into small pieces of data of the data according to certain format, plus the head and tail and other necessary control information, composition for frame.

Data is broken down into many frames and eventually sent to the network. In fact, the information on the cable is an a in transmission, the receiving party, after receiving again composition frame. Frame will eventually be restructured to transmit data.

The process of communication, is a decomposition and restructuring process. In a different part of the frame with HP NC6200 battery different function, Ethernet 12 bytes of storage before the source address and the destination address.

The frame is the computer by the network driver of composition, through the network card sent to electric cable. The receiver to the inverse of the opposite process.

In normal circumstances, network computer receives all data frames, but to the destination address is not their own data not any treatment.

If set to network card, make its work in the mixed mode, where you can capture network all of data.

Network sniffer is a very typical network attack mode, through this process, can monitor a capture network transmission on the account number and password and other confidential information.

On account of the capture and analysis, we can get control of the system, which launched the attack on the system.

(4) website can’t literally visit

Thanks to the Internet, install the openness of the website is a very easy thing, and at the same time, also does not have an Internet supervision agencies of the site’s information and according to the function of the responsibility for the negative. So, as the Internet site in the main was tapping cloth object and, at the same time, into an important tool to attack.

Use of the web site for information attack, basically has the following kinds:

(1) the site as a tool for information fraud, economic benefits “phishing” to this website is the attack mode is very appropriate description. The main purpose of the letter interest fraud is to get economic interests.

(2) using a web scripting holes to attack

In the web site’s pages script, deliberately embedded malicious code, through the script to browse the web site loopholes to attack.

(3) through the web site for the user privacy information

This way the most deceptive. Through some legal way, get the user’s privacy, information collected, used for illegal occasion.

(4) use of this website malicious plug-ins stay user system as plug-in technology development and mature, through the web site provides a malicious plug-ins. When the door, and at the same time in downloading the plugin’s system of the execution of the plugin and no limit of time, website can through the plugin operating in the client to realize malicious functions.

When you surf the Internet, be sure to note that has the following some characteristics of the web site:

(1) and famous website similar domain name, and special attention to in the English language (1) and 1 small write mother (Arabic numerals); , m and n, o (small letters) and 0 (the difference between the number of Arab word);

(2) provides the program or document download, but file extensions is 1 X2 not compression of the document. RAR ZIP or text format,;

(3) in the service before require the user to provide a lot of G560 battery sensitive information, if you don’t want the whole world to know your home phone number in ensuring that those information not be misused to carefully before;

(4) website provides a lot of links, and you don’t know the contents of these links;

(5) buying services or items, need you have paid in advance;

(6) required to provide your mobile phone number to use information or services, pay attention to the nets stood by mobile phone operator can be from your account directly deduct the expenses.

(5) the back door

Backdoor, the word is.

The back door? What?

In the attack from the Internet, the back door is refers to the invaders in order to more easily and hidden into attacked target computer or network through various means setting approach.

The attacker design the back door of the purpose is to intrusion system more convenient, the back door of common technology has the following some:

Anti-virus software is the earliest information security system, the development of technology is also the most mature. The wall and attack detection system is also very strong security tools.

(a) anti-virus software

Anti-virus software also called antivirus software. And other software different, the anti-virus soft thing field, domestic producers have condoms.

Currently, the most famous antivirus software have jinshan HP dv9000 battery drug gangsters, spectrum star, jiangmin series etc. In addition to the outside, foreign kaspersky anti-virus software in the home also has many users. Due to technical ihde, antivirus software market products tend to homogeneity. For antivirus system in the biggest disadvantage is forever, and the development of behind the virus. Is the same spear and the shield relationship, one is always active attack, by very many defensive limit, difficult to actively seeking out against method.

Many researchers are trying to get breakthrough in mathematics, found a virus into ‘line identification intelligent algorithms.

poison software core is signatures. At present, the collection of virus features is related to the main work of software products company, the process is in fact so-called antivirus, comparison of virus refunding process. ‘

Figure 6-3 shows, is the typical working principle anti-virus software. Matching process is actually a string or signature query process. By in different virus infection mechanism is different, so does not guarantee that all of the virus from infected files code can be thoroughly remove in. For not cleared the files can adopt note, although most, but some file is support by the operating system is running, with can’t literally deleted, only in a new installation file substitute.

So-called isolation is take measures to ban file continue, this is a more conservative approach than, can be in isolation Sony PCGA-BP2E battery system of the whole system, check its shadow ring, then the asc take further measures.

Antivirus software current will provide real-time antivirus functions, namely to what you receive or running program always, in order to avoid infected by Chad, guide to find again after can’t handle. This function the effect is very apparent, but on system performance have larger effects.

All the antivirus software companies provide signatures and antivirus engine (software update core code) network to network function to keep software update for the new virus is the best method effectively.

(2) firewall

Firewall just 311 than speak English. Firewalls can be hardware, also can be the software product 0

Firewall’s main function is in two network between the Internet and the Intranet between especially implementation of access control strategy, as shown in figure 6-4 below. The network points through the firewall, part two: reliable became network and can’t be trusted network. Firewalls within the network says for reliable network, the network firewall called not reliable network.

Host logo for each bit cannot “1″, if all bits for “1″, is the machine address is the broadcast address, rather than host address;

Host logo for each bit cannot “0″, if every bit as “0″, then said “only the network”, and on the web without any host.

Below is the most commonly used in several operating system as an example, the paper presents the check method IP address.

Windows 9X/Me

Use the mouse to choose to “start” a “program” a “ms-dos mode”, open a window, execute the command line DOS, IPconfig

Windows NT / 2000 / XP

Use the mouse to choose to “start” a “program” a “appendix” a “command prompt”, open a DOS command line window, executive: IPconfig

Unix/Linux

In the command-line input ifconfig under.

Because IP address is purely digital, more hard to HP Presario CQ36 battery remember. So, in the Internet domain name in general use to replace IP address. Domain names by several English letters (regardless of case:), digital or minus signs “-” composition, reoccupy decimal point “is divided into several parts.”. Domain name is adopt hierarchical structure, stockings according to geographic domain or institutions with the mapping layered, each level is separated, the decimal point will in turn from right to left as the highest domain name section two seeds, such as domain name section of a field, the most left for a host name. For example the host of the university of electronic science and technology domain name is: WWW. Uestc. Edu. Cn. As with IP address, domain name in the Internet world is only.

Domain is used to replace the Internet site with our special name, address, number of familiar similar. All the Internet addresses, such as web site, E-mail address is a domain name.

Domain name can be divided into three types:

Countries, such as cn top-level domains on behalf of the Chinese, au represented Australia; International top-level domains, int representative, with such as the world property organization for the domain name

http://www.wIPo.int;

Generic top-level domains, such as com representative business organization, org representative nonprofit organization, the representative government agencies, asp.net represents network services, education institutions, representing edu mil representative military institutions on behalf of the company, firm referred to a Microsoft representative trade enterprise, provides sales business, web represent the single bit deng chat services, to provide information service results-related areas represent rec representative entertainment unit, single throne, representing individuals nom, arts representative cultural entertainment unit. The DNS general Internet is static, namely a domain of the corresponding IP address is static, long-term constant. That is to say, if you want to build a website on the Internet, need has a fixed IP address. The function of dynamic DNS is real now fixed domain name to between dynamic IP addresses analytical. Each time the user Internet get new IP address later, installed on users of dynamic Dell Latitude D420 battery domain name in a computer software will put this IP address sent to dynamic DNS server, update DNS database. Others want to access the Internet on the domain name, dynamic DNS server returned are certainly IP address to him. Because most Internet users to surf the net assigned to IP addresses are dynamic, using the traditional static domain analytical method, user wants to put myself from Internet computer into a fixed domain website, is impossible. But with the dynamic domain name, this dream can come true. Users can apply for a domain name, the dynamic DNS, with the Internet domain name and his computer binding together, such can at home or companies build their own website, very convenient.

Network is how to connect?

Very clear is that will make the two network connected, there must be in two network connecting two computer, it is in this between two computers must have a cable (or cable, microwave, etc) constitutes a path. But simple cable connected couldn’t finish communication.

Connection between network and can in the network of packet transmission equipment called gateway, also called the Internet gateway. With the development of technology, connected network gage mode increase and gateway technology ihde, now called routers, this is the Internet of the main equipment.

Router’s task was to the computer networks 1 to 2 to the network needs to Dell 1520 battery send data packet transmission to correctly, also to network and the network of computers for two networks 1 data sent to correctly forwarding to network 1.

It looks simple, it seems only need to complete the following router work:

To be able to and two network connected;

To be able to receive two network packets;

Must be able to extract from packet address;

Want to know the destination address is in the bag networks 1 or network 2. But will appear this question:

If the network 1 and 2 of the computer network, the router can handle a lot? If the network 1 and network 2 data format is different, the router?

If there is a lot of network connected between need to find needed, routers can purpose?

To solve these problems, the router must have the following abilities:

Must have enough storage HP Presario v3000 battery space, storage network address;

Must have enough routing capabilities.

When the scale of the network is big enough, the structure of the Internet should be.

The router feet is constitute the main equipment, in Internet, each network within the Internet treasure-the are equal, each computer must belong to a network.

(1) is more advantageous to the multimedia performance

Ordinary screen, the screen width ratio are all standard “, while the widescreen refers to the aspect ratio for urbanus, generously or wrapped etc width more broad screen, favors the multimedia performance.

29 [or pictures of proportion is just people’s eyes visual field of the golden ratio, the use of such screen movie, the picture look up feeling more spacious and comfortable. At present many films of clap perturbation follow urbanus specifications; New high-definition Dell Latitude D630 battery digital television (HDTV) system also USES urbanus specifications; More and more game makers are already began officially launched many support widescreen mode of game, user can now in some big games, for example you – act 2, age of empires 3 games in line widescreen mode of the game.

In this view, the more suitable for future widescreen LCD also more media streaming video playback, never like traditional display sowing put DVD movies, screen in the fluctuation will each occurrence of two screen bar, show the effect of the obvious outperform the narrow screen.

2 the operation more convenient more comfortable

Widescreen through ascension brightness and contrast, can obtain better image effects. PuBing LCD panel tubes were vertical inverted widescreen is adopted, and the way tapped, such design tubes and needs to illuminate the longer distance is shorter, so screen everywhere bright degrees and contrast more easily also remain consistent. Widescreen laptop computers are usually relatively wide fuselage, so in laptop can be integrated more functions. For example TianYi Y810 in lenovo keyboard left and right placed numerous DJ placement is shortcut button, can users operate up more convenient. Widescreen notebook computer keyboard in the choice of more favorable, comfortable keyboard is also embodied notebook computer is an important aspect of humanized design. In addition, notebook computers around the big, and arrange more more complete interface also relatively easier to.

3 basic cost will not increase

On price, widescreen LCD LCD panels will not because of increased significantly after widescreen cost. Whether cutting ordinary 15 inches or 16×9 widescreen 15.4 inch 15.2 inches, the panel, each substrate can be cut out 16 one-sided board, so the cost will not therefore increased.

But although the panel costs not increase, but some vendors but on it played the pattern, namely widescreen selling point, playing out entertainment or business banner, in order to get more profit.

4 more advantageous to the daily and business IBM Thinkpad X60t battery applications

Widescreen liquid crystal in commercial applications also can develop unique for use, becomes the modern office assistant. In general case widescreen LCD can switch into the mire of format, realization and the mire of doppler display image format compatible, ask to customers for a conversion of space, have another choice. Just in the maximum resolution, due to the screen display boundary restriction without can switch into “mode, should choose widescreen mode (i.e., 29).

Due to the lack of using Low – K technology, Mobility Radeom X700 core frequency is only 350MHz, but the video memory is using the expensive 64MB to 128MB GDDR3, support, frequency reached 700MHz. Using the Smoothvision, Smartshade technology, such as the actual performance is almost twice the Radeom X600 Mobility, also support the Powerplay5.0 ATi techniques for saving energy.

(7) Radeom X800 Mobility

Because in the end of 2004 Nvidia released a paragraph of mobile core slice Geforce Go 6,800 in performance, and surmounted ATi was the strongest performance Radeom 9,800 Mobility. A rumour ATi released Radeom Mobility X800 to deal with, with no to any of X800 core R420 shrink, therefore X800 in performance first beyond the desktop display chip. X800 engineering code-named M28, due to the time of issue earlier than Radeom X700 Mobility, therefore no adopt the latest 0.11 muon M manufacturing process, but adopted Low – K technology, and reduced the calorific value, transistors number achieved when ATi mobile display chip the peak of 160 million, core 400MHz high frequency. Coupled with (ie together with) adopts high frequency of 800MHz GDDR – 3 256bit manifested in 2007, the higher the Mobility Radeom can X700 nearly doubled, also support the fifth ATi Powerplay power management skill resection. The last is the X800XT X800PRO /, besides increase four 3D rendering pipeline make totaled 16 beyond, still carry high display the core and the frequency of memory, including flagship X800XT shows the frequency and the video memory core of frequency both reached 4801MHz / 1100MHz highs.

(8) Radeom X1300 / X1400 Mobility

These two section X1000 chip support ATi, adopts advanced technology AVIVO 90nm craft manufacture, support Shader MoDel 3.0, supports multi-threading 3D structure, support Diader 9.0 c. In fact Radeom Mobility X1400 display core Radeom Mobility X1300 completely with the same, for RV515 core, and parameters are also with X1300 same. Basically, In the high frequency of X1300 ATi based on joined temperature control circuit, namely actually in graphics burden small when can to close part circuit. As for performance because X1400 set in frivolous model, so in frequency, video memory specifications will have shrunk, compared with X1300 speaking Hp compaq 2210B battery performance will certainly lower.

(9) Radeom X1600 Mobility

ATi video X1600 launched mobile Radeom with desktop edition, compared with 90 nanometres production process, so the power control is also outstanding. There are 12 Radeom X1600 hug rendering pipeline and five vertex Shader unit, and based on the RV530 shows the core, support, provide 128bit memory of formal Shader Model 3.0 support. X1600 adopted the new design, and enable ATi first generation 90nm craft production, integrated 1.57 billion transistors, have 12 pixel shader assembly line and five vertx single yuan, 4 texture units, four Render Back up and 8 Z mean unit and single cycle the most high executive 128 thread ability. This than previously for intermediate market ATi RV410 eight pieces pipe pixel to four. X1600 compared to the original core advanced many, opening a new framework for those standardized Shader of blocks, provide SM3.0 support and adopting new memory controller structure, the more high quality (HDR image, with support for 128FP operation ability, provide new anti-aliasing function), support AVIVO platform. Another example Render to End (RBE), this function is similar to the images of ROP (NVIDIA Raster Operation place all Processor grating Daniel device) function, and in performing FP16 Operation when still can in order to realize the multiple sampling antialiasing, that is to say, in execution of such Operation such as HDR while still can realize RV530 AA sampling or anti-aliasing.

(10) X800 Radeon Mobility

The X800 XT Radeon ATI Mobility is specially designed for swim drama lovers and high-performance notebook computers designed using portable graphics techniques of processing unit, it incorporates cutting-edge 3D graphics performance, high quality video replay function and excellent image quality. It has 16 the rendering pipeline and eight vertex shader unit, support the 256bit manifested.

(11) X1900 Radeon Mobility

Mobile edition X1900 adopts MXM III module. MXM is an ODM manufacturer of hope, also set encapsulation NVIDIA millions of mobile multi-screen chip packages form. This type of mobile graphics chips collocation GDDR3 memory, SM33.0 ubuntu 7.04 is 256MB support, support AVIVO video technology, support HDCP 1080p high-definition video playback support, using PowerPlay6.0 power saving technology. The pictures of various types of the test score card.

On the market at present already have use mobile Edition of the display card X1900 notebook computer, such as Fujitsu Siemens appear AMILO Xi 1554 system, this system of Core 2 Duo processors by 17-inch LCD display, tie-in (maximum resolution 1920 X 1,200), 2GB, operating IBM Thinkpad X60 battery system adopt with Windows Media Center happen. This product support Windows Vista Premium.

In addition, ATI has launched a more powerful performance such as card, then X1950 ATI company is AMD bought by.

5. The development trend of notebook computer graphics

Talking about the development trend of future graphics, first should be highly integrated. Although integrated graphics chips have difficulty upgrades, poor performance, make chipsets rising cost, increase defects such as calorific value, but for business users, but it IBM Thinkpad X60 battery makes the machine costs under descending, reduced volume, compatibility issue decrease, these exactly is commercial users care deeply. And now many integration core slice group has also provides AGP or PCI – E slot, permission to use households in need to add the independent video card higher. Secondly, as household display chip high-speed development, professional level display adapters and entertainment graphics dividing line will gradually become blurred, no-till liters of graphics “magical jump line” Settings and once entered household market 3DLabs Permedia2 chips are two typical representative. From the household ATI and NVIDIA company level display chip has developed some professional show card products, in many tests can totally, totally against even more than those using professional chip product. On the other hand, by in software and hardware of generality enhanced obviously, the display systems have console and display computer system integration trend, but this process is still find it difficult to contemplate, there may be a need for a long time, and it is also possible that the next-generation games consoles realize. Finally, on display chip internal specification, 512 bits (six DDR) of the video memory will rapidly growing in popularity, add video card will be fully support additional bandwidth, PCI – E transmission, disturbing the ability to play video memory bandwidth and communication ability problems will have a degree of ease. In addition, as the most to taste new interface card manufacturers, video card manufacturers have DDR3 DDR2 memory and will, in the video CARDS, so as to further improve the ability of memory.

GeForce6200 mobile edition of core Numbers for NV44M V manufacturing process for 0.11 microns, the core 300MHz, manifested frequency of the frequency of the 600MHz, manifested bitwidth for 64bit, with 4 pixel rendering pipeline, 3 vertex rendering unit, pixel fill filling rate 1.20 G/s, texture resolution Textures filling rate for 2.4 G/s, the video memory bandwidth is 4.8 GB/s. Its use two-way PCI Express TurboCache framework of total line graph more high bandwidth, by allowing graphics chips (gpus) points enjoy special capacity and video memory bandwidth, can directly use the system memory for rendering. TurboCache manager (TCM) can dynamically allocate memory, thus maximize the performance of the system. TurboCache like a turbocharger and improve the entry-level PC performance, and for greater graphics memory space.

(4) GeForce Go 6600

NVidia after 62 issued after NV43 display based on nuclear heart Gefore 6600 Go, using MXMI interface, the use of the DDR3 video memory, capacity to 128MB, for 128Bit zenkoji bitwidth GBps memory bandwidth, 8 of the rendering pipeline, filling, rate of 3 million pixels/SEC, vertices for 300 million/SEC, RAMDACs 400MHz designed specifically for providing leading multimedia function, but without sacrificing portability mobile CPU. Compatible with the latest version Dell Inspiron 1300 battery DirectX 90. Shader is a Model 3.0, PureVideo technology, industry only face high qing multimedia content of embedded video processor. In the industry of this mobile GeForce Go 6,600 GPU evaluation of price is very high. 6600GPU responded with a launch, immediately by including acer, asus etc industry-leading OEM and ODM factory dealer’s favour. Using GeForce Go, and with more than 6,600, thin laptop computers without further in video and graphics performance square face made any sacrifice, to move the energy consumption of the display card nVIDIA control technology so far is arguably quite mature.

(5) GeForce Go 6,800

2004 officially released GeForce nVIDIA graphics chips sixth generation product: r&d code-named NV40 GeForce 6,800 series graphics chips, the world’s first paragraph support DX9.0 c graphics chips, it has great significance. And DX9 different, Direct X 9.0 c major is one of the Pixel Shader Vertex and by version 2.0 version of ascending to 3.0 edition. NV40 chip transistors 2.2 million, while more than 4 Pentium processor is EE only 1.78 million transistors. NV40 graphics chips still used by IBM 0.13 muon ChengSheng production system, it is still the FBGA encapsulation, but adopting advanced electric road redundant technology to improve the yield of product. In the core working frequency, a little backwards, for example NV40 even GeForce 6,800 the mk-ultra, its core frequency also only 400MHz but the frequency of the influence is not big, 6,800 Picasso unexpectedly NV40 framework far more advanced.

(6) Geforce ‘73

NVIDIA Geforce ‘73 is not very strong, this kind of display card is to launch the significance of mobile video card GPU will enter 90nm phase, and Geforce Go 7 series display card is a times technology promote products, it can make your laptop to achieve optimal performance experience, the most important is to optimize the power consumption, make using Geforce Go 7 series graphics laptop can achieve more long battery life. Thus nVIDIA first step launched TOSHIBA Satellite M100 battery based on PCI – E interface technology of the second generation of mobile video card products. Using PCI – E ‘73 technology, based on the latest interface G72M core, 64-bit video memory interface, 5.6 GB/s memory bandwidth, using PCI – E x16 interface, core frequency for 400MHz, video memory. 700MHz frequency reach DDR Pixel filling rate for 14 million pixels per second per second, produce 2.6 billion summits.

GeForce ‘73 has 4 pipeline and three vertices with color units, faster than two pipeline GeForce Go 62 much faster. Should say GeForce ‘73 is GeForce Go 62 of upgrade version, but relative to grade positioning GeForce Go 62 speaking, various aspects have obvious carry litre, but also adopted independent 64M / 64bit manifested as adopted particles, TurboCache technology, but based on the above ascension, in 3D performance will be better. Based on the PowerMizer 6.0 after lifting technology, can significantly delay long notebook computer batteries work time, and maximize reduce calorific value. GeForce ‘73 also adopted the new generation nVIDIA CineFX 4.0 engine and many designed for GeForce Go 7 series improved nVIDIA unique skill resection. In addition, some nice SLI technology (656 also support the double card).

(7) GeForce 7600 Go

GeForce 7600 ‘has eight pixel shader processor (PS), 5 vertex shader processor (VS), 8 rasterization operation processor (ROP), 8 tmus (TMU), 128 – bit video memory controller, pixel filling rate for 360 million/SEC, vertex filling rate of 5.5 billion/SEC, using 90mm craft production, support PureVideo, PowerMizer SM 3.0, 6.0, TurboCatch techniques. Notebook vendor will Go up the core / 7,600 manifested as 450/1000MHz frequency. GeForce 7600 power lies in its Go to the power consumption of control system. As a result of the 90 nanometres core manufacturing process, and discusses the DDR2 memory, itself will be greatly reduced. Due to the use of technology, PowerMizer 6.0 7,600 in wen word processing power when it is more ideal. 76 to send heat IBM Thinkpad X60t battery and noise control is very ideal, far better than 6600 X700, ‘wait generation of products, of course, or in X1600 etc graphics CARDS.