Agreement as the importance of the network basis, and the development come a long process. As the development of the industrialization of human seriously, and standardization for the development of the network has played a very important role. Read More…

job, this is the key of the Internet equipment. What is the routing? The so-called routing is in the process of network routing. The Internet the most basic of the communication mechanism is packet switching. We and the Internet for all communication is a group in the form of network layer sends, each grouping belt have send the source address and the destination address. Read More…

(1) 1998 years of the virus

This virus outbreak in June 1998 in Taiwan, is considered the most dangerous, one of the most destructive computer virus. Worldwide the $2000 80 million loss.  Read More…

(1) the destination unreachable message

Source host to a target address them, send data in the routing table if router can’t find to change the destination address and its path at this time for the purpose of data, the address is unreachable, the router to source host returns ICMP destination unreachable, notice the time away interest communication can’t succeed. Read More…

The problem of information security of computer field has now become a new discipline, about computer and network security is the many problems at present computing technology of research in the field of hot point. In the vast information security researchers in the field of information security efforts, the water ping has been improved a lot. Read More…

Host logo on the same network must be unique within;

Host logo for each bit cannot “1″, if all bits for “1″, is the machine address is the broadcast address, rather than host address;

Host logo for each bit cannot “0″, if every bit as “0″, then said “only the network”, and on the web without any host.

Below is the most commonly used in several operating system as an example, the paper presents the check method IP address. Read More…

The Internet is a network network is connected with innumerable network by the formation of the network, this is the essence of Inrernet.

Network is how to connect?

Very clear is that will make the two network connected, there must be in two network connecting two computer, it is in this between two computers must have a cable (or cable, microwave, etc) constitutes a path. But simple cable connected couldn’t finish communication. Read More…

Compared with the ordinary LCD monitor, LCD, more high resolution widescreen with better visual effect, can let the user experience to visual wider realm. So present 16×9 widescreen notebook computer mostly with “better entertainment performance” for selling point. Its real besides these, compared to common “screen LCD, wide screen laptop computers have more advantage.

(1) is more advantageous to the multimedia performance Read More…

In early 2005, ATI issued another X800 framework based on Radeom Mobility Radeom X700, engineering, code-named M26, core framework for RV410, and fully supports DX 9.0 b. First adopted TSMC 0.11 muon m manufacturing process, can reduce chip in large earth run at full speed when power consumption, has also helped to X700 display chip transistors number reached 1.2 billion, transcends 9,800 level, with eight of 30 Xuan dye pipelines, six vertex shader engine, pixel filling rate reaches to astonishing 2.8 GPIXEL/S, higher Mobility Radeom X600 before the introduction of 75%. Many. Is worth mentioning X700 adopted Dynamic change PCI Express Lanes connection number of Dynamic Lane Switching (DLCS) technology Count, in order to better save electricity. DLCS technique can be notebook computer power supply from power adapter steering battery for electricity, will PCI EXPRESS X 16 interface changes to the PCI EXPRESS X4, X2 and clamps its X1 to save electric batteries amounts. In addition, Mobility Radeom X700 also support Dell Latitude D620 battery ATi mobile graphics chips upgrade technology ZXIOM.

Due to the lack of using Low – K technology, Mobility Radeom X700 core frequency is only 350MHz, but the video memory is using the expensive 64MB to 128MB GDDR3, support, frequency reached 700MHz. Using the Smoothvision, Smartshade technology, such as the actual performance is almost twice the Radeom X600 Mobility, also support the Powerplay5.0 ATi techniques for saving energy.

(7) Radeom X800 Mobility

Because in the end of 2004 Nvidia released a paragraph of mobile core slice Geforce Go 6,800 in performance, and surmounted ATi was the strongest performance Radeom 9,800 Mobility. A rumour ATi released Radeom Mobility X800 to deal with, with no to any of X800 core R420 shrink, therefore X800 in performance first beyond the desktop display chip. X800 engineering code-named M28, due to the time of issue earlier than Radeom X700 Mobility, therefore no adopt the latest 0.11 muon M manufacturing process, but adopted Low – K technology, and reduced the calorific value, transistors number achieved when ATi mobile display chip the peak of 160 million, core 400MHz high frequency. Coupled with (ie together with) adopts high frequency of 800MHz GDDR – 3 256bit manifested in 2007, the higher the Mobility Radeom can X700 nearly doubled, also support the fifth ATi Powerplay power management skill resection. The last is the X800XT X800PRO /, besides increase four 3D rendering pipeline make totaled 16 beyond, still carry high display the core and the frequency of memory, including flagship X800XT shows the frequency and the video memory core of frequency both reached 4801MHz / 1100MHz highs.

(8) Radeom X1300 / X1400 Mobility

These two section X1000 chip support ATi, adopts advanced technology AVIVO 90nm craft manufacture, support Shader MoDel 3.0, supports multi-threading 3D structure, support Diader 9.0 c. In fact Radeom Mobility X1400 display core Radeom Mobility X1300 completely with the same, for RV515 core, and parameters are also with X1300 same. Basically, In the high frequency of X1300 ATi based on joined temperature control circuit, namely actually in graphics burden small when can to close part circuit. As for performance because X1400 set in frivolous model, so in frequency, video memory specifications will have shrunk, compared with X1300 speaking Hp compaq 2210B battery performance will certainly lower.

(9) Radeom X1600 Mobility

ATi video X1600 launched mobile Radeom with desktop edition, compared with 90 nanometres production process, so the power control is also outstanding. There are 12 Radeom X1600 hug rendering pipeline and five vertex Shader unit, and based on the RV530 shows the core, support, provide 128bit memory of formal Shader Model 3.0 support. X1600 adopted the new design, and enable ATi first generation 90nm craft production, integrated 1.57 billion transistors, have 12 pixel shader assembly line and five vertx single yuan, 4 texture units, four Render Back up and 8 Z mean unit and single cycle the most high executive 128 thread ability. This than previously for intermediate market ATi RV410 eight pieces pipe pixel to four. X1600 compared to the original core advanced many, opening a new framework for those standardized Shader of blocks, provide SM3.0 support and adopting new memory controller structure, the more high quality (HDR image, with support for 128FP operation ability, provide new anti-aliasing function), support AVIVO platform. Another example Render to End (RBE), this function is similar to the images of ROP (NVIDIA Raster Operation place all Processor grating Daniel device) function, and in performing FP16 Operation when still can in order to realize the multiple sampling antialiasing, that is to say, in execution of such Operation such as HDR while still can realize RV530 AA sampling or anti-aliasing.

(10) X800 Radeon Mobility

The X800 XT Radeon ATI Mobility is specially designed for swim drama lovers and high-performance notebook computers designed using portable graphics techniques of processing unit, it incorporates cutting-edge 3D graphics performance, high quality video replay function and excellent image quality. It has 16 the rendering pipeline and eight vertex shader unit, support the 256bit manifested.

(11) X1900 Radeon Mobility

Mobile edition X1900 adopts MXM III module. MXM is an ODM manufacturer of hope, also set encapsulation NVIDIA millions of mobile multi-screen chip packages form. This type of mobile graphics chips collocation GDDR3 memory, SM33.0 ubuntu 7.04 is 256MB support, support AVIVO video technology, support HDCP 1080p high-definition video playback support, using PowerPlay6.0 power saving technology. The pictures of various types of the test score card.

On the market at present already have use mobile Edition of the display card X1900 notebook computer, such as Fujitsu Siemens appear AMILO Xi 1554 system, this system of Core 2 Duo processors by 17-inch LCD display, tie-in (maximum resolution 1920 X 1,200), 2GB, operating IBM Thinkpad X60 battery system adopt with Windows Media Center happen. This product support Windows Vista Premium.

In addition, ATI has launched a more powerful performance such as card, then X1950 ATI company is AMD bought by.

5. The development trend of notebook computer graphics

Talking about the development trend of future graphics, first should be highly integrated. Although integrated graphics chips have difficulty upgrades, poor performance, make chipsets rising cost, increase defects such as calorific value, but for business users, but it IBM Thinkpad X60 battery makes the machine costs under descending, reduced volume, compatibility issue decrease, these exactly is commercial users care deeply. And now many integration core slice group has also provides AGP or PCI – E slot, permission to use households in need to add the independent video card higher. Secondly, as household display chip high-speed development, professional level display adapters and entertainment graphics dividing line will gradually become blurred, no-till liters of graphics “magical jump line” Settings and once entered household market 3DLabs Permedia2 chips are two typical representative. From the household ATI and NVIDIA company level display chip has developed some professional show card products, in many tests can totally, totally against even more than those using professional chip product. On the other hand, by in software and hardware of generality enhanced obviously, the display systems have console and display computer system integration trend, but this process is still find it difficult to contemplate, there may be a need for a long time, and it is also possible that the next-generation games consoles realize. Finally, on display chip internal specification, 512 bits (six DDR) of the video memory will rapidly growing in popularity, add video card will be fully support additional bandwidth, PCI – E transmission, disturbing the ability to play video memory bandwidth and communication ability problems will have a degree of ease. In addition, as the most to taste new interface card manufacturers, video card manufacturers have DDR3 DDR2 memory and will, in the video CARDS, so as to further improve the ability of memory.

Can in frivolous notebook application is the important expression, graphics strength 6200Go nVIDIA can be implemented in the “light thin” notebook on the application, and indicates that the improved to a certain nVIDIA strength of high degree. And furthermore, as a specially designed for the design of special notebook frivolous graphic processors, application GF6200 laptop on price is not high, so for the ZhongDiDuan users, consider its performance this should be a very over-value choice.

GeForce6200 mobile edition of core Numbers for NV44M V manufacturing process for 0.11 microns, the core 300MHz, manifested frequency of the frequency of the 600MHz, manifested bitwidth for 64bit, with 4 pixel rendering pipeline, 3 vertex rendering unit, pixel fill filling rate 1.20 G/s, texture resolution Textures filling rate for 2.4 G/s, the video memory bandwidth is 4.8 GB/s. Its use two-way PCI Express TurboCache framework of total line graph more high bandwidth, by allowing graphics chips (gpus) points enjoy special capacity and video memory bandwidth, can directly use the system memory for rendering. TurboCache manager (TCM) can dynamically allocate memory, thus maximize the performance of the system. TurboCache like a turbocharger and improve the entry-level PC performance, and for greater graphics memory space.

(4) GeForce Go 6600

NVidia after 62 issued after NV43 display based on nuclear heart Gefore 6600 Go, using MXMI interface, the use of the DDR3 video memory, capacity to 128MB, for 128Bit zenkoji bitwidth GBps memory bandwidth, 8 of the rendering pipeline, filling, rate of 3 million pixels/SEC, vertices for 300 million/SEC, RAMDACs 400MHz designed specifically for providing leading multimedia function, but without sacrificing portability mobile CPU. Compatible with the latest version Dell Inspiron 1300 battery DirectX 90. Shader is a Model 3.0, PureVideo technology, industry only face high qing multimedia content of embedded video processor. In the industry of this mobile GeForce Go 6,600 GPU evaluation of price is very high. 6600GPU responded with a launch, immediately by including acer, asus etc industry-leading OEM and ODM factory dealer’s favour. Using GeForce Go, and with more than 6,600, thin laptop computers without further in video and graphics performance square face made any sacrifice, to move the energy consumption of the display card nVIDIA control technology so far is arguably quite mature.

(5) GeForce Go 6,800

2004 officially released GeForce nVIDIA graphics chips sixth generation product: r&d code-named NV40 GeForce 6,800 series graphics chips, the world’s first paragraph support DX9.0 c graphics chips, it has great significance. And DX9 different, Direct X 9.0 c major is one of the Pixel Shader Vertex and by version 2.0 version of ascending to 3.0 edition. NV40 chip transistors 2.2 million, while more than 4 Pentium processor is EE only 1.78 million transistors. NV40 graphics chips still used by IBM 0.13 muon ChengSheng production system, it is still the FBGA encapsulation, but adopting advanced electric road redundant technology to improve the yield of product. In the core working frequency, a little backwards, for example NV40 even GeForce 6,800 the mk-ultra, its core frequency also only 400MHz but the frequency of the influence is not big, 6,800 Picasso unexpectedly NV40 framework far more advanced.

(6) Geforce ‘73

NVIDIA Geforce ‘73 is not very strong, this kind of display card is to launch the significance of mobile video card GPU will enter 90nm phase, and Geforce Go 7 series display card is a times technology promote products, it can make your laptop to achieve optimal performance experience, the most important is to optimize the power consumption, make using Geforce Go 7 series graphics laptop can achieve more long battery life. Thus nVIDIA first step launched TOSHIBA Satellite M100 battery based on PCI – E interface technology of the second generation of mobile video card products. Using PCI – E ‘73 technology, based on the latest interface G72M core, 64-bit video memory interface, 5.6 GB/s memory bandwidth, using PCI – E x16 interface, core frequency for 400MHz, video memory. 700MHz frequency reach DDR Pixel filling rate for 14 million pixels per second per second, produce 2.6 billion summits.

GeForce ‘73 has 4 pipeline and three vertices with color units, faster than two pipeline GeForce Go 62 much faster. Should say GeForce ‘73 is GeForce Go 62 of upgrade version, but relative to grade positioning GeForce Go 62 speaking, various aspects have obvious carry litre, but also adopted independent 64M / 64bit manifested as adopted particles, TurboCache technology, but based on the above ascension, in 3D performance will be better. Based on the PowerMizer 6.0 after lifting technology, can significantly delay long notebook computer batteries work time, and maximize reduce calorific value. GeForce ‘73 also adopted the new generation nVIDIA CineFX 4.0 engine and many designed for GeForce Go 7 series improved nVIDIA unique skill resection. In addition, some nice SLI technology (656 also support the double card).

(7) GeForce 7600 Go

GeForce 7600 ‘has eight pixel shader processor (PS), 5 vertex shader processor (VS), 8 rasterization operation processor (ROP), 8 tmus (TMU), 128 – bit video memory controller, pixel filling rate for 360 million/SEC, vertex filling rate of 5.5 billion/SEC, using 90mm craft production, support PureVideo, PowerMizer SM 3.0, 6.0, TurboCatch techniques. Notebook vendor will Go up the core / 7,600 manifested as 450/1000MHz frequency. GeForce 7600 power lies in its Go to the power consumption of control system. As a result of the 90 nanometres core manufacturing process, and discusses the DDR2 memory, itself will be greatly reduced. Due to the use of technology, PowerMizer 6.0 7,600 in wen word processing power when it is more ideal. 76 to send heat IBM Thinkpad X60t battery and noise control is very ideal, far better than 6600 X700, ‘wait generation of products, of course, or in X1600 etc graphics CARDS.