As a new solar energy and conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and fuel, compared with many unmatched features.

1, solar energy directly or indirectly as energy, human play a very important role: One of the advantages is that it continued to supply a steady flow. Scientists concluded that the life of the sun a few billion years can be considered, solar will be inexhaustible. Therefore, it generated by the solar and other forms of energy are called renewable energy.

2, extensive solar energy: solar energy everywhere, locally available, in the mountains, deserts, islands and other remote areas of the superiority of the more obvious people as long as one-time investment in power generation equipment installed, the average cost of maintaining smaller than other energy sources so much solar energy affordable.

3, solar energy is scattered features: solar radiation, despite the global, but the power per unit area is small, so to get more power, there must be a larger area by the light, which makes equipment, materials, structure, increase the cost of occupying land, thus affecting the popularization and application.

4, solar energy is clean and nature: using solar energy, not emissions, waste, pollution, therefore, solar energy is known as clean energy, green energy.

Regional solar energy: near the equator, the sun is direct ground in the noon time, and therefore greater strength. In the polar regions, the sun seemed to glide like a slanting surface, which in the unit area received less sunlight, the intensity was also smaller. In addition, the time when the sun slanting through Lenovo N100 battery the thickness of the atmosphere than the direct time, it consumes heat in the atmosphere have more, get less of on the ground. Because of these two reasons, the Earth is divided into tropical, temperate and boreal, their order is the equator to the poles gradually change.

Intermittent solar energy: the sun’s elevation angle for a day and constantly changing within a year, plus the climate, the seasons change, the amount of solar energy can be very unstable, very random. In addition to use of solar power generation and power generation, in general, must have a considerable capacity storage devices such as batteries, etc., which not only increase the equipment and maintenance costs, but also limits the power scale.

Second, solar energy use Method

Advantage of the sun, there are three methods:

The sun’s radiant energy into heat energy, called solar thermal conversion;

The sun’s radiant energy into electrical energy, called the photoelectric conversion;

The sun’s radiant energy into chemical energy, called photochemical conversion.

1. Photothermal conversion: This method is the use of solar collector or concentrator to be 100 degrees below the low temperature heat source and heat source temperature 1000-4000 degrees. It is more common application of an approach is widely used in cooking, drying grain, supply hot water for indoor heating, air conditioning, sun

Thermal power generation, the output mechanical compaq mini 700 battery energy and heat treatment and so on. Direct use of solar radiation in agriculture example is the solar greenhouse and solar water pumps. In addition, solar energy can also be used in desalination and so on.

High temperature solar furnace is a rare high-temperature heat source of impurities, can be used in scientific research and metallurgical industries. This heat can only be achieved within a short time several thousand degree heat, they can in a very short period of time to cut off the heat source

Photoelectric conversion: This method is the solar energy directly into electrical energy. Photoelectric conversion is the use of solar radiation is an important way, to date, this approach has just 40 years old. It is the use of certain substances in the photoelectric effect to the direct solar radiation into electrical energy, its core is the solar cell. At present, the major solar cell has silicon cells, CdS cells, GaAs cells and GaAs – AlGaAs battery.

Conversion efficiency, due to different materials, generally about 10%, only as a special small power supply. At present solar cells have been used in lighthouses, beacons, microwave relay stations, electric fences, railway signals, mobile phones, TV transmission, television receivers, no weather stations, cathodic protection of metal and electronic toys, calculators, electronic watches and so on. With the technology and reduce the price of materials, solar cells will power the application to the larger development.

Photochemical Conversion: green plants photosynthesis is a photochemical conversion process. Photosynthesis is the plant use sunlight to carbon dioxide and water into organic material.

Currently, many scientists are using this approach produce fuel. The approach is, in those who do not compete with food production in the barren hills, wasteland, wasteland and lake areas, planting green plants, green plants and then harvested to use chemical or biological means, and can be solid fuel, liquid fuel, fertilizer and petrochemical substitutes. For example, the Philippines, a large number of plant Leucaena trees (growing particularly fast), to provide firewood for the industry. Brazil’s use of its large-scale cultivation of sugar cane to the development of ethanol fuel industry. 1983 Brazil 1 / 4 by 280 motor fuel is ethanol plants provide.

2. Collector

Solar energy is more dispersed, to try to put it together to use. All use of solar energy collector is a key part of the device.

What is a collector do? Collector is to absorb solar radiation to the working fluid (water) heat transfer device. It is the water heater’s “heart.” Because the collector of the working fluid (water) and long-distance exchange of the Sun, so it is a heat exchanger.

We know that the sun is composed of different wavelengths, different materials and different colors on different wavelengths of light absorption and reflection capability is not the same. Black color of the strongest ability to absorb sunlight, so wear a coat in winter most of the people is made of dark or black clothing. The strongest reflection of white sunlight, so the summer shirt fabrics are produced using light-colored or white. Study in the use of solar energy, so that parallel light through the focusing lens gathered in one point, a line or a small area on the collector can achieve the purpose. We all know that paper in the sun, no matter how strong the sun, even during the hot summer sun will not be lit. However, if the use of concentrator, the light gathered in the paper, soon, the focus of Department will burn the paper. Based on these life and scientific practice, under the guidance of the theory, the scientists created a variety of collectors, their characteristics, are generally divided into the following.

1. Flat-plate collector: Cover the vegetable greenhouse on the transparent plastic film is such a case, heating room, a few fans that belong to a large glass window plate solar collector. It will not only collect the sun’s direct radiation, and scattering the sun’s radiation can be collected. Flat solar collector is based on “hot box principle” design. The so-called hot-box, is the side facing the sun and the transparent cover, use glass, fiberglass or plastic film to cover the other three sides ProBook 4210s battery of blackened walls and the gas-tight insulation. When the sunlight through the glass into the box, so that the inner wall coating is absorbed into heat energy. If the box filled with water, the water is heated.

2. Vacuum tube solar collectors: flat plate solar collector is based on the developed device. Vacuum insulation, and selective absorbing coating to improve the collector efficiency and collector temperature of the new solar collector device. Constitute the core components of this collector is the vacuum tube ‘which mainly absorbs heat within the body and the outer layer of the glass composition.

By heat-absorbing body of material is different from vacuum tube solar collectors can be divided into all-glass vacuum tube solar collector and a metal glass vacuum tube solar collector into two categories.

All-glass vacuum tube solar collectors of simple structure, and the convenience, reliability, low cost, has many outstanding advantages, it is elongated like a thermos bottle, glass tube formed by the two concentric circles, drawn into the vacuum between the inside and outside the tube, solar selective absorbing coating (surface film) deposition, including the outer surface of tube body composition absorbs heat, the solar energy is converted to heat energy, heating the heat transfer fluid within the tube. Glass, a metal tube is all glass vacuum tube, following the international developed a new generation of vacuum tubes after. As the heat-absorbing body of metal material, and vacuum tubes are used between the metal pieces to connect, so, the composition of these vacuum tube collector with high temperature, pressure capacity, and good thermal shock resistance.

Solar cells in the late 20th century and the beginning of 30, 40 years into applied research. March 17, 1958 the United States launched the “Vanguard No. 1″ satellite, the first time single crystal silicon solar cells as the spacecraft power. After 60 years, the world’s variety of satellites, spacecraft and planetary stations, mainly by solar power, its power is growing. At present, solar power as a special low-power, already in the lighthouse, beacon, microwave relay stations, electric fences, railway signals, TV transmission, television receivers, no weather stations, cathodic protection and pumping metal excited and so pour widely available , and now forward the development of high-power applications. According to statistics, 90 in the mid 20th century, the world’s 100-kilowatt solar power plant has more than many of the dozens.

Application of solar cells solar energy use one of the fastest growing technology, but currently affecting a large number of key issues to promote the use of the equipment cost is too high. Scientists are striving to reduce costs, to create conditions to promote the use of solar cells.

The main application of solar cells on the ground in the following areas.

1. Beacon light beacon is the sea and inland navigation in the navigation facilities. Use of solar power for beacon light is better, solar cell to charge the battery during the day and night to the navigation light battery power.

2. Railway signaling, automatic automatic barrier, lighting, communications and other Lenovo G410 battery railway facilities can use the solar cell, also the sun to the solar battery charging during the day, day and night to provide railway facilities are solar power.

3. TV transmission in many remote towns, mountains, islands, not easy to receive TV launch

Signals for television to be broadcast by means of, and relay to choose in the mountains above. But here are without power, then can use solar powered, no officer guard, can automatically start and stop, broadcast quality is also good.

4. Communication power field investigation, military barracks, weather stations, seismic survey, as well as rural areas

Telephone and long distance carrier microwave communications, can use solar power.

5. Black light

This is a device similar to fluorescent tubes, it sends the wavelength of the most luring moths, moths to the light to impinge upon, and then flooded with high-voltage electric shock method or methods to kill moths. In plant protection, the eradication of pests such method is known as the physical control. In the forest or farmland, the installation package of solar powered charging device to charge the battery during the day by solar cells, night black light from compaq 6730s/CT battery the photoelectric switch automatically open, like beacon lights, like, say off the night light for killing insects as moths contribution.

6. Optoelectronics pump

Provided by the solar electricity to drive pumps, the current international community is increasingly being used in this way for water. Optical pumps operating in the sun, no sun stop. Irrigation, water pumps can be used photoelectric.

Often swim into the sea of people, will find it in the pool or rivers and lakes in the difference. First of all, your body will feel more than easy to float in the pool; Secondly, the occasional drink into a sea water, will feel bitter and salty. Why is this? The original sea water in a large number of dissolved salts. The salty sea water, the buoyancy of the big hold up the human body; dissolved salts in seawater, some salt, and some are bitter. Which sodium chloride is the salt we eat is salty. Another called magnesium chloride is the point of tofu with the brine, is bitter.

According to measurements, the total water content of the various salts is generally 3% -3.5%, the scientists calculated that, in a cubic kilometers of seawater contains more than 2,700 tons of sodium chloride, magnesium chloride 3.2 million tons, Carbonate 2.2 million tons of magnesium, magnesium sulfate 1.2 million tons, etc., the water contains 5X1016 tons of salt.

At present, sea water has been found more than 80 kinds of chemical elements. Oceanographer put these elements into three categories, containing 100 mg per liter of sea water above the element, called constant elements; containing 1-100 mg of elements, called trace elements; containing 1 mg of the following elements, called trace elements. The main elements of sea water contains sodium, calcium, potassium, rubidium, strontium, barium and other metal elements, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, sulfur and other non-metallic Lenovo Y500 battery elements. Them in the sea mainly in form of compounds to a wide variety of salts there.

Around the world, the salinity of seawater is as much of it? No, evaporation of sea water in a large concentration of salt; the other hand, more precipitation, or river water into the waters, sea water salt concentration on the small. Therefore, in some specific area, the salt concentration can be particularly high, such as Asia and Africa at the junction of the Red Sea, the strong solar radiation, water evaporation big around it is desert, high temperature, rainfall has been particularly low, So, where sea water salinity as high as 4%, or even as high as 4.3%, as the world’s largest sea salt.

Also some sea areas may be particularly low salinity, such as rainfall and river flows, in particular the northern Baltic Sea more than wave Niya Hai, salinity reduced to only 3% of even 0.1% -0.2%, the Caspian Sea water and salt become the world’s oceans the lowest of the sea. China sea water salinity, as the rivers into the sea, so it is only 3.2% of the average salinity, and some sea areas are even lower.

In the rivers into the sea of fresh water and sea water intersection where there is significant difference between salinity, water salinity difference can be the most abundant, is the development and utilization of chemical energy in sea water ideal place. In the atmosphere, the cold air and warm air have a tilt at the junction between the peak surface density of cold air at the bottom, density of warm air at the top. Between freshwater and salt water and the atmosphere is similar to have a tilted interface, brine density, Shen at the bottom of fresh water density, floating on top, like the tongue of the salt water to fresh water as inserted into the lower part, so the “salt tongue” known. Salt and fresh water interface, is the salinity difference to beautifully place, only here, deep with the sea water helps bring energy to studio 1435 battery chemical energy.

Why osmotic pressure and salinity difference can exist between salt and fresh water salinity difference can it? To answer this question, we need to start with from the osmotic pressure.

Penetration phenomenon is very widespread phenomenon, such as soy beans soaked in water expands, it is because the water surface by soybean (molecular physics, said that for the semi-permeable membrane surface) is made of infiltration

Into the.

Semipermeable membrane is what? It plays a role in the infiltration of what role? First of all, for example, animal bladder is semi-permeable membrane, which only allows water through but not allow alcohol through; another, such as animal and plant cell membrane is semi-permeable membrane; have a variety of artificial semi-permeable membrane, such as iron cyanide copper precipitation in unglazed ceramic membrane made of plastic film cotton.

Now like to explain the permeation phenomenon; in the semi-permeable membrane separates a concentration difference between the same kind of solution, resulting in low concentration solution through the high concentration solution into the phenomenon, this phenomenon is called osmosis.

So, what is the osmotic pressure it? When the infiltration phenomenon, we have a large concentration of the solution in a mechanical pressure is applied, just to prevent the concentration of dilute solution to the solution of large infiltration occurs, the mechanical pressure is equivalent to the osmotic pressure between these two strong solution, or infiltration pressure.

Then, sea water and fresh water infiltration between the phenomenon and the osmotic pressure is like? There are a lot of salt dissolved in seawater, salt dissolved in water will be ionized into positive and negative charge with two types of ions, such as sodium chloride, the ionization is a positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. If the sea water and fresh water across the floor to allow water molecules to pass through only and not for positive and negative VGP-BPS3 battery ions through the semipermeable membrane, then the infiltration phenomenon arises between them, fresh water to sea water penetration, and produce a osmotic pressure.

Now let’s do a simple experiment, you can verify the existence of penetration phenomena and osmotic pressure. Take a funnel, with a pig bladder as a semipermeable membrane as it covered, and then reversed, so that long neck up and poured into the sea, then it is put into fresh water tank. Then in the semi-permeable membrane near the interesting phenomenon, fresh water in the water molecules free access to water, sea water of chlorine and sodium ions can not enter the water. However, the water molecules in seawater can also be run in fresh water to go, but a much less progress, so after a while, long-necked funnel in the sea water rose, the ocean salinity decreased. This process has been carried out to increase the height of water generated by pressure, is equal to the osmotic pressure between seawater and fresh water up. Elevated sea water column can be used to measure the size of the osmotic pressure.

Determination was done, the temperature 201, the salinity is 3.57. Standard sea water, and the osmotic pressure between pure water up to 2.48 MPa, the equivalent of 256.2 meters or 250 meters of water column with high column of water high. Shows that osmotic pressure is a lot of pressure.

Osmotic pressure of the size and temperature, concentration. The higher the temperature, the greater the osmotic pressure; concentration greater the difference, the greater the osmotic pressure. In the ocean, the salinity difference between sea water and fresh water the most, the greater the osmotic pressure between them. This is why the river into the sea where seawater and freshwater convergence is the salinity difference can be rich in places.

Solar water heaters are usually placed in the top housing may also be placed in other sunny places. One morning with cold water in the afternoon you can access the hot water by solar heating. To the mid-20th century, the use of solar water heater technology has reached a mature stage. Solar water heater industry is the world’s solar energy industry in the backbone. Area of solar water heaters installed in China ranks first in the world. It is estimated that the use of these solar water heaters, coal can be saved every year at least 500,000 tons, has revealed its edge.

As people’s living standards continued to improve, the developing countries of the world’s people, the demand for hot water right Shenghuo Xunsu increase in small rural towns Hu vast, yet to a condition for gas or Dianlaitigong water, Renmen use of solar energy Re Shuiqi yes very natural and reasonable. At present, about 500 solar water heater factory, total output in 1997 reached 2.5 million square meters (light area), the total water heaters use more than 10 million square meters, hot water for the 30 million residents.

Solar water heater types are: stuffy sun heaters, no guts nausea sun heaters, water heater Lenovo Y400 battery pipe plate, concentrating solar water heater, vacuum tube-type water heater.

1. Stuffy sun water heater: solar water heater is relatively simple, low cost and with less stringent requirements for a hot water. This water heater can be divided into two types of courage and guts. Courage, is the solar drying boring black plastic or metal box with the water containers and bile. When the solar radiation to the stuffy drying box, the box temperature to water within the water tank is heated. When the temperature reaches a certain request, to let out hot water use. Currently on the market or plastic cylinder Single Tube water heater, are of this type are generally seasonal, but also, mainly for family users.

2. No guts boring drying heaters: water heaters, also known as shallow pool. It works somewhat similar to the drying-type solar cooker boring.

3. Tube plate heater: also known as flat-plate collector, widely used in crop drying, warm water fish farming, greenhouses for growing vegetables, air conditioning and refrigeration, pool heating, baths, and a variety of industrial and agricultural use of water, any temperature below 100 degrees in the field, can use this water heater as a heat source.

Tube heaters by the transparent cover plate (glass or plastic), heat-absorbing body, the composition of the insulation layer and shell. Sunlight into the collector through the transparent cover is endothermic absorbed within, thus transformed into heat energy, and then connected by pipeline with the heat-absorbing plate in the water (water heater) or heat-absorbing plate, or the lower part of the air (air set heat) for heat exchange, to heat water or air to reach the required temperature. Using this water heater, can generally be 40-70 degree water or air.

This basic principle of solar collector water heater, like other water heaters, the water cycle through different temperature density. Hot light, to rise. Heavy cold water only slowly from the bottom up top. The water tank through the collector loop heat, and gradually reach a balance, it is no longer up and down movement of the. However, always keep water in the tank into the collector at the bottom, and hot water also flows in the elitebook 8530p battery upper water tank to provide hot water to use.

4. Concentrating solar water heater: is formed by the condenser water heater collector. From a structural form that concentrating collectors can be divided into a parabolic, cylindrical, Fresnel lens, condenser and other rotating paraboloid and the cone. Usually require tracking concentrating solar collectors, to get high. To improve the hot water temperature, but also to link up several concentrating collectors, multi-level condenser heat. The most common is parabolic concentrator, which is reflected sunlight gathered in a water pipe on, people use the water flow rate control tube to get hot water at different temperatures, the slower flow, higher water temperature.

5. Vacuum tube water heater: It is made using vacuum technology, which can reduce the convection heat loss, increase the temperature. Maximum temperature can reach 200 degrees, can be used throughout the year. It not only can water heating can also heat the air. At present, many countries in the world for air conditioning, winter heating, summer cooling, hot water bath so. In addition, some countries are also used in the winter fish, such as solar dryers.

In recent years, there has developed a new product, its name is double-loop vacuum tube solar water heater, it appears to resolve the problem freezing cold in winter, but also solve the scaling problem arising from hard water. But also solar hot water system can really use a large area throughout the year. The innovative features of the product is hot water users are not direct contact with the collector, but through a coil heat exchanger heating the water tank, heat exchanger tubes in the flow, heat transfer directly ProBook 4310s battery with the collector is antifreeze or softened water (for hard water areas). This will ensure the hot water for cleaning, can solve the cracking and the collector pipe scaling problem, and because the pump forced circulation, improving the thermal efficiency of solar collector is very beneficial. Currently, Daqing City, has been completed throughout the year to use a heat pipe vacuum tube solar hot water system double circulation, clear weather in winter, the system can make water temperature 30-35 degrees, the effect is very obvious.

Solar drying technology is to change the open nature exposure as a closed, heated air-drying materials to achieve the purpose.

Solar drying technology can be divided into two phases.

1. On the air heating;

Hot air drying the material in the water to be taken away. There are two ways to heat the air.

1. Direct heating of air: that is material to be dried on the drying chamber, directly affected by solar radiation; indirectly heating the air: The air heater to the air temperature rises, and reduce the relative humidity of material to be dried.

In the dryer, the wet materials absorb the sun’s radiant heat, the temperature after the steam pressure exceeds the corresponding sub-ambient air pressure, the moisture evaporation from the wet surface. So not only meets the dryer temperature, we should also consider ventilation and humidity and to Lenovo N500 battery minimize the partial pressure of air dryer

.

Solar dryers can be divided into high temperature dryer and two low temperature dryer. High temperature dryer to focus on type, often using parabolic cylinder condenser, automatically tracking the sun, to be mostly dry and granular materials, such as food and the like, with a screw conveyor to materials sent to the linear focusing surface, edge road side dry efficient. However, this drying unit complex, large, high cost, promotion more difficult.

Low-temperature solar dryers to air as drying medium. This drying process equipment consists of two parts, namely, solar air collector and the drying of materials. In addition, generally with a larger amount of wind turbines. Temperature is 40? 651, particularly suitable for drying fruits and agricultural products processing needs, such as jujube, litchi, tobacco, herbs, noodles and bean products. Study of solar dryer at home and abroad, many are low temperature dryer.

Low-temperature solar dryers there are several.

1. Collector type dryer: use of solar Presario CQ60 battery air collector to heat the air and into the drying chamber.

2. Greenhouse type dryer: similar to ordinary solar greenhouse, but with the humidity and mouth, to facilitate the drying of materials in the water to be excluded.

3. Integral dryer: the solar collector and greenhouse combined into one, compact, dry and effective, low cost.

Mainstream Brand Category Features

As a general statement, business notebook brand in the country be divided into three categories, the first category are IBM, HP, DELL and so on respect for the representatives of European and American brands, the second is TOSHIBA, SONY, SAMSUNG, represented on Korean brands, the third category are ASUS, ACER, LENOVO, represented by domestic brands. The notebook brand in the annual battle is really employed every means, engage in a promotion promotion, a new of a new, pattern play to do together to fight domestic piece of the growing consumer notebook market. In fact, according to the geographical division is not unreasonable, these three categories of 12 brands, like people have their own personality and characteristics.

For example, European and American brands, as the level of industrialization ProBook 4310s battery in these countries is relatively high, notebook technology, craftsmanship also increases, Guer overall performance and stability for performance, mobility, good, practical and reliable. They are the first choice for business office people, the majority are all government agencies, work groups with official custom machines on the list. Stable performance so that they do not appear chaor group, while the elegant design of fine let them get a good reputation.

The sudden emergence of Korea and Japan brand, South Korea and Japan have confirmed the country’s glorious history of the electronics industry, and their army launched a brand concept of revolution in notebook computers. Appearance of the wild notion laptop often make people excited, and functional constant breakthroughs is a laptop so that we feel the concern and caring for people. Will be a leisurely fashion beautiful, powerful laptop with people people’s lives, time and again to refresh the old traditional notebook computer gives the impression that this is natural and to South Korea and Japan laptop features.

However, during the pursuit of many brands in our domestic brands have won numerous notebook reputation. They are generous and practical, affordable, some notebook computers are designed in no way inferior to Europe and the United States Japan and South Korea, one of the purchase in the field of vision, is still indispensable Asus, Lenovo this famous brand.

Now, let us know if this one up a simple two brands it.

1. Recognizing Dell Series Notebook

Headquartered in Austin, Texas (Austin) Dell is the world’s leading IT products and services provider, its business, including helping customers build their own information technology and Internet infrastructures. By direct subscription model, became the first major personal computer supplier.

DELL series products due to direct sales model in China and abroad have their own website Inspiron 1300 battery and 800 toll-free number, you can pull through the Internet and playing the way 800 calls related to product performance view or consultation in order to achieve order. Thus, reducing the part of brokers, price comparison is. Meanwhile, in the design, laptops for its high stability and availability known, the appearance of the machine configurations are based on mainly the needs of users.

In the product line, DELL reinforced the distinction between commercial and consumer, small and medium enterprises to gain more customers to meet market demand.

According to the performance characteristics of laptops, now divided into Dell Inspiron series, Dell Latitude series, and Dell Precision Series.

Dell Inspiron Series notebook computers for home users or small business, independent environment for the need to balance performance and well-designed mobile users. This series is characterized by superior performance, balance the machine performance and excellent portability, improved multimedia features.

Dell Latitude Series notebook computers for business users to customize to meet corporate and institutional clients in the strong performance. Mobility and flexibility with the wide range of needs. Components, modules and docking solutions for common design also significantly reduces the total cost of ownership. Latitude series from the highly scalable, full-featured models to thin and light portable models have done exhaustive.

2. Recognizing Fujitsu Series Notebook PC

Fujitsu yes, Japan’s largest IT companies, more than 500 subsidiaries worldwide and 180,000 employees in the network society nowadays necessary for the development of IT communication, whether Fuwu Qi, network technology, or a new generation of Yi Dong communications, Du has advanced technology and rich experience. In addition, in network integrator, Fujitsu thing is Japan’s largest of the network provider, with the Syndicated news these powerful strength FUJITSU Qualcomm could Wei Kehutigong most Youxiu the Internet as a whole solution. Since the time of entering the Wind U100 battery Chinese market later years), together with market and business strategies of the various factors, FUJITSU in China is not as big as its influence overseas, but as one of world’s top three manufacturers, FUJITSU notebook computers performance and the perfect combination of new fashion, created out of many business and consumer use machine model.

However, these model for many ordinary consumers feel sorry for the FUJITSU’s LifeBook notebooks seem to go high-end line of noble-like atmosphere with the same time, the price is also condescending. Of course, if you are elegant and stylish business person, you should not take into account the price factor, because the quality and service on FUJITSU placed there. But at the same time, these classic models is the traditional Japanese and Korean brands in the alternative, because IBM has a reputation in Japan, FUJITSU seek stability and fashionable appearance in the business to find the perfect combination between the point of it is suitable for young fashion for you, but also for business flourishing of you.

FUJITSU LifeBook are generally divided into personal and business use machine with machine two categories, the product line are S, B, P, C, E, L series, each series have distinct features.

Widescreen P series is a classic ultra-portable notebook computers, integration is good, for individual users; C series of superior performance, complete and perfect functions, a personal audio-visual center; S series is FUJITSU series notebooks are the advantages of integration, their performance is to compelling; L series fashion beautiful, comfortable to use, powerful, suitable for mature people; B series has a family of ultra-light features, scalability, and suitable for the mobile business person; E Series is the performance of the best performers in the It epitomizes the performance FUJITSU endless pursuit; T Series is the product of combining technology and fashion, not only the pursuit of portable, Zhi Ku Hyun used to feel is its ultimate goal.

Many people bought a computer from up to retirement are not cleaned up their board, in fact clean-up board is not only the motherboard in order to maintain the surface clean, the power supply, memory and graphics cards and other internal plug-in also is important. Many motherboard failures are due to poor contact caused by motherboard slot, so the user is under the home environment

Conditions for a period of six months, regularly dust.

To dust when you remove all the cards, memory and power plug, remove the screws fixed board, remove the board, with a wool brush (with soft soft tool you can, make sure not to use the toothbrush) gently remove all parts of the dust. Be careful not to force too much or move too fast, so that the surface of the chip knocked motherboard components or cause components to loosen resulting in Weld. Never use hair dryer while other high-powered blast equipment clean to prevent dust while cleaning up their moisture into the motherboard may cause a short circuit.

2. How to ensure the insulation board

Motherboard and chassis Sometimes a metal part of the contact, a short circuit, how to avoid?

Board insulation problems often appear in the main board to replace the motherboard or install process, so when installing the PCGA-BP2E battery motherboard must pay attention to the motherboard and chassis, not short-circuit phenomenon, to avoid some unknown problem, such as light or certain functions can not be normal can not be used, etc., will be seriously burned motherboard.

Install the motherboard in the process, the best parts of the installation screws above and below the insulation mat washers are installed after the motherboard should be carefully examined whether the bottom and then place the short chassis, to be sure. Some users prefer to use inversion when the computer chassis, and to open the side cover to speed cooling, this time on the need to locate and tighten the screw, as the normal use will be as hard drives and chassis fan rotation shake, so screw loose Once the screw fell loose to cause a short circuit on the motherboard, motherboard no longer be used.

3. Motherboard put into the chassis will not start

Board outside the chassis, the system starts normally, but can not start into the case after, how is this going?

If the board outside the chassis, the system starts normally, but can not start into the case after, can be concluded that in the case of the above problem, a number of low-grade chassis from the factory on the emergence of many problems and hidden dangers, such as: easy leakage Ershi motherboard short circuit, causing inaccurate positioning holes motherboard for some time deformation, damage, etc.. The solution is to replace the new chassis.

4. Motherboard with a hardware upgrade skills

I want to upgrade their computer motherboards, the attention to?

Users because their computer does not meet the performance, often to upgrade IdeaPad U350W battery their hardware, then we must pay attention to new hardware and motherboards with the situation. For example, when the first thing to note CPU upgrade CPU and motherboard interface type is matched, if the motherboard is older Slot1 structure, upgrade the CPU can only buy or use of this interface adapter. Furthermore, we need to consider whether to support the new CPU board such as board can recognize new CPU, the availability of the necessary new CPU FSB, can support the new CPU’s frequency, can provide the appropriate voltage and frequency doubling. CPU voltage and frequency doubling are key to upgrade, because the current CPU voltage down to 1.5V so long ago, if the old motherboard can not provide the right voltage, CPU can not upgrade.

When graphics card upgrade, but also to ensure the board can – the voltage required for a new graphics card, if the board does not meet the needs of the new graphics on the voltage, forced upgrade may not display properly, or even damage the card. Furthermore, we need under the board’s support on the AGP transfer mode to choose a new graphics card.

Upgrade memory, the first type of memory the motherboard supports and then to buy. Today, mainly motherboard supports memory SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and RDRAM of three.

5. How to identify whether the board supports large hard drives

Not long ago, a friend bought a Maxtor DiamondMax 320GB hard drive three generations, but then the motherboard but still can not identify all the content set. While the last has done much to solve the problem, but whether your motherboard support the big hard drive over 137GB then? How can I quickly know whether your motherboard support the big hard drive over 137GB?

The easiest way is to use the “Intel 48-bit LBA Test Program” (Intel 48-bit LBA test produced a test program). It can detect whether the motherboard BIOS supports 48-bit LBA addressing mode, to determine whether your motherboard BIOS to support more than 137GB hard drive (48-bit addressing to support more than 137GB hard drive,

In DOS, run “48lbachk.exe”, first articulated in the search system of the ATA / ATAPI device and the corresponding prompts (such as the currently mounted drives, etc.). Different hardware systems, test results, the following three:

① “PASSED” said the BIOS supports 48-bit LBA.

② “FALED” said the BIOS does not support 48-bit LBA,

③ “UNDETERMINED” said the testing program can not determine whether the tested Portege T130 battery BIOS 48-bit LBA capability (the reason is mostly because the current system does not connect more than 137GB of hard drive).

So, when you get a larger than 137GB hard drive, can connect to the system and use the program to test. If you can correctly identify, then Congratulations, you can rest assured used; Otherwise, you will need to use the DM sort of third-party hard disk management tool, or update the motherboard BIOS to use all of the hard disk space, or replace a 48-bit addressing the board.

6. Motherboard compatibility so Niang

Replace the motherboard on my computer, the frequent hardware failure, how can I solve?

Most computer hardware is connected to the motherboard, motherboard and so will often not compatible between the various hardware phenomenon. For such problems, the user can try to use the BIOS default settings, if the problem can not be resolved, you can try to upgrade the motherboard BIOS to solve the problem.

There are other compatibility issues because of motherboard chipset technology causes, for example: Intel’s Technology White Paper shows, 1845G motherboard only supports DDR200/266 memory, so that the motherboard does not support DDR333 memory. Another example, some motherboard chipsets do not support more than 137GB of hard drive capacity, even if installed on a 180GB hard drive, the system can only recognize 137GB of hard disk space. This problem can be solve the problem through the following TravelMate 2300 battery methods:

① upgrade motherboard BIOS; ② using special tools provided by software vendors to partition and format the disk using the add-in card ③; ④ replace the motherboard.

Logical bad sectors can be said is a soft bad sectors, the disk using the Windows tool can easily be repaired. Specific method is: Go to “My Computer” window, right-click the disk partition bad sectors appear the icon, click the “Properties” menu item, open the disk drive’s “Properties” dialog box, switch to the “Tools” tab , click the “troubleshooting” combo box “Start Error-checking” button that appears “Error-checking disk” dialog box, select “Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors” check box, then click “OK” button can. Under Error-checking process 02) How to repair physical bad sectors

How to repair physical bad sectors hard disk?

Repair physical bad sectors on the repair than the logical bad sectors to be more difficult under normal circumstances can only be bad sectors as much as possible into a partition, and then hide the partition, then you can use other sectors of the normal. Physical bad sectors at the beginning, when hidden, first by the hard disk formatting and other methods to determine the approximate location of bad sectors. For example, the disk format for the user to 20%. Time, there has been stagnation, standby and other phenomena, it shows the location of bad sectors in hard disk space, 20%, if the user’s hard drive to 80GB, then the bad sectors on the general position in 16GB.

Then click “Start” a “Control Panel” menu item, in the open “Control Panel” window, double-click “Administrative Tools” icon to open the “Administrative Tools” window, and then double-click in the window, “Computer Management” icon, open ” Computer Management “window, in the VGP-BPL2C battery left pane of the window, click the” store “” Disk Management “option, and then in the right window, select the disk with bad sectors, in accordance with the” main partition “.” extended partition “and” logical partition “in order to delete all partitions. Then again the zoning, there will be bad sectors out of the space program, more attention should designate some space, then the remaining space on the partition and format on it.

03) Hard frequent bad clusters

My hard drive is divided into C, D, E, F in four areas, has long been used well, when the preceding run Lu E Zone disk checker found a bad cluster, did not take too much notice. Format the hard drive to reinstall the system, in use for some time and found some bad clusters, even the C, everything. As the bad cluster to the daily surge, I dare not Jian machine, and ask how this is going on?

The possibility of hard disk a lot of bad clusters, in addition to poor quality of the factors that drive itself, the other with computer hardware and the environment are related, not simply to judge the quality of your hard drive for problems. I suggest you from the following aspects Zhao Zhao reasons:

(1) power supply is stable

In addition to checking the stability of power output than the computer, we must pay attention and power to avoid large appliances (refrigerators, air conditioners, etc.) in the same circuit (the electrical current is very big start, will start the computer pulses generated when a sudden change in voltage it is easy to damage the hard drive).

(2) Check the computer work environment to avoid a shock, smoke, dust and heavy, inappropriate temperature and humidity of the environment.

(3) Check whether the hard disk has bad sectors can be formatted physical examination to determine whether there is a bad cluster, if the physical damage, the best and the dealer to solve the problem.

(4) try to avoid long drives can read and write constantly consider ways to increase vostro 1710 battery the memory to avoid doing the hard disk file system uses swap and keep the hard disk read and write.

(5) Check your hard disk usage

Regularly do disk scan, organize work hard, be noted that the number of hard drive order is too frequent, too often but could easily lead to hard drive damage. Order interval should be based on the hard disk usage to decide if the hard disk usage is not very high, generally you can order two 04 March) Defragment the hard disk any attention?

Disk Defragmenter can improve file access speed, but the blind sort, there may be some unnecessary risk, which requires that we note the following:

(1) Do not organize the data during read and write to disk defragmentation is a very lengthy process, many friends like to order, while listening to songs, playing games, this is very dangerous because when the hard disk defrag in high-speed rotation, read and write data at this time, it could lead to computer crashes, or even damage the hard disk.

(2) not often order

Disk Defragmenter is different from the other computer, the hard drive will speed continuous rotation, if the frequent disk fragmentation, may lead to decreased disk life, the proposed order once a month or so. Preparation work should start before defragging the drive “disk error scan” so that certain files can prevent the system from mistaking logic wrong due files are missing. Concrete action is (to WindowsXP for example): In the “My Computer”, select the drive you want to defragment, click the right mouse button, the pop-up menu, select “Properties”, go to “Tools” tab, click the “troubleshooting ‘column “Start Error-checking” button, then press the prompts.

(4) Do not cross under the two-order system

Many friends have installed Windows98 and WindowsXP dual operating system, but because of system compatibility and other reasons, cross to defrag files may cause the translocation of confusion and even system crashes, the suggestion of friends in order Windows98 Windows98 mini 1000 battery partition, in WindowsXP in order WindowsXP partition.

05) finishing piece to be wrong disk Tridacna gigas

My computer operating system that is Windows XP. The following problems when the recent film finishing operation when the disk affront to the D drive 10 an “as an error, Windows can not complete the collation of the drive asthma action … … ID No. DEFRAG00205″ words. I am prompted to magnetic teeth on the D drive scan (full option) said disk without bad sectors, this is why?

Disk defragmentation is actually necessary to the disk files on the disk to adjust the physical location and movement. In order to ensure that disk defragmentation is complete, all files are able to ensure that documents must be properly deposited in the new location of the cylinders and sectors are not defective.

Therefore, before the general course of defrag, the best to make a disk scan in order to remove or repair the defective region of the disk. Probably because you did not before doing defrag for disk scanning, and in the order were found to have certain shortcomings that make finishing the disk can not continue. Some of the disk defects (not a physical injury) is fixed, so you scan the disk, after that there is no bad sectors.

Recently the use of Windows native defrag functions encounter a strange question, select the. Set by “analysis” button, it says “need to Defrag the hard disk” and then click the “order”, too – after the prompt “order complete”, but distribution of data on the hard disk does not happen any | any change (still very messy ), I cup defrag simply no doubt play a role, how is this going on, hard drive broken? Are there any other way to solve this problem?

We usually install the system files in the C drive, and a lot of software, the default cache (for example, the system cache, IE cache, etc.) will be on the C drive, so the frequency of exchange of C disk files will be very high, which leads to a lot of debris. Work in the system, some key files and system cache can not be moved (defragmentation software will use different colors to identify, observe, Moreover, defragmentation is not necessary to put together all of the files, so also not the most efficient way. Based on the above two points, it may appear you say the “problem” but those will not affect the Yingpan normal use. You can also use Disan Fang Lai Daiti Windows comes with the software Defrag, for example, 0 & 0 Defrag, etc..

17) Hard-chip burning

How to avoid the hard disk on the back of the chip was burned?

Hard on the back of the chip is very important, once burned, the drive can not be identified to the system. Resulting chip burning are many, so take care to protect the chip, used to observe the following several aspects:

① If the power problem, the hard disk and other hardware is likely because of the impact VGP-BPL2 battery of strong currents and burn.

Sometimes the computer chassis ② above with static electricity, excessive static electricity is likely to burn when the hardware, including hard drives.

③ affected by dust, temperature, humidity and other environmental factors, may cause hard disk short circuit.

If the hard drive back in the chip is burned, it will only replace the chip, and find the same type of hard disk and remove the back of the chip, then you can change to the hard disk.

18) hard disk interface damage

I plugged the data line when the careless, the drive pin broke DE interfaces, how to fix it?

If the user when the plug cable carelessness, it will cause the IDE hard disk interface, a curved needle or needle appears the phenomenon will cause the hard disk unusable. If the phenomenon of bending of dollars, should immediately remove the hard drive, using a screwdriver, or needle-nosed pliers to bend needle correction, then the correct IDE cable plug several times, so that curved needle can be quickly corrected. If there is breakage phenomenon, it is more trouble, then the user should first connect the hard drive, hard vostro 1200 battery drive can look normal use (some of the hard disk IDE interface pin is used to connect ground wire, and broken without affecting the hard disk after normal use).

19) hard disk noise too high

My hard drive noise, particularly, how can I do to reduce hard drive noise?

Hard drive noise can be divided into two categories, one is hard to work when the noise, the other is abnormal noise. Hard work, the read and write data will be issued “creak” sound, this is because the head during read and write operation, the head positioning arm drive generated magnetic head is a normal voice. If you find that hard to issue sound like sawing wood when the magnetic head and disk to explain the contact occurred (normally the head and the disk is not contact, but there are some gaps), which will result in disk physical bad sectors appear ,

The spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems, information capacity and transmission rate developments, the proposed antenna more Gao requirements. From the initial mobile devices for portable whip antenna, and now dual-band compact handset antenna, the antenna towards the multi-band wideband, small size, high efficiency, low cost, easy integration direction. With the development of wireless communications, especially after future 3G and Ad-Hoc networks, in order to better improve communication performance against multipath fading and interference with adjacent users in the user terminals on demand has become increasingly smart antenna the more urgent. Some simplified smart antenna that new research and development, such as parasitic antennas and reconfigurable antennas transfer. In order to meet the harsh environment and limited wireless bandwidth spectrum high capacity mobile communications, data rate Gao, Gao coverage, high spectral efficiency, high reliability requirements, in recent years, UWB / SP wireless communication HP 4510s battery technologies has caused a great deal in the international of fever, one difficulty is that the design of ultra-wideband antenna; In addition, more than at home and abroad are being vigorously developed input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is also possible that one of the important technical breakthrough.

Below 7 on the multi-band mobile broadband terminal antenna, reconfigurable antenna, ultra wideband / short-pulse antennas, multiple-input multiple-output mobile terminal antennas for a description of developments.

1. Multi-band mobile broadband antenna justice

To enable communication systems to applications in multiple frequency bands simultaneously, including multiple communication frequency bands, the same communication terminal on a variety of wireless services, such as GPS, Bluetooth, WLAN and other services, multi-frequency / broadband antenna is the key issue. In addition, for a variety of commercial, civil and military needs, mobile communication terminals of conformal antennas, small size, Gao efficiency, low cost, easy integration into a new hotspot. As the antenna bandwidth, size, efficiency, and constraints are interrelated, and therefore taken into account how the three to find the balance point to achieve the best effect, is the design of mobile terminal antenna research focus.

2. Reconfigurable antenna

In the future 4G and Ad-Hoc and other wireless communication systems, wireless access to further enhance the system capacity and performance, has a smart antenna can be used, such as parasitic power transfer antenna. Parasitic tune the antenna is usually only one RF channel, but around the parasitic elements through the electrical resistance changes in the value loaded antenna in the whole plane to within a scan, a low-cost, simple system and so on. Parasitic tune the antenna is a reconfigurable antenna. Reconfigurable antenna, including frequency of reconfiguration, reconfigurable pattern, polarization can be reconstructed and also Lenovo Y650 battery has several characteristics of the antenna can be reconstructed, and its research unit involved in antenna, antenna array and control algorithms. In recent years, international conferences and academic journals which, on the reconfigurable antenna rapid increase in the number of articles, has received considerable attention, and its effective analysis and design theory a lot of work to be done.

Reconfigurable antenna is an important issue is to select superior performance to the antenna switch and integrated them. With the recent high-performance, low power micro-electrical mechanical (MEMS) switches and a number of GaAs PHEMT switches such as the emergence of technology, making the development of reconfigurable antennas have a better future. Switch is the ideal switching characteristics, a high isolation, low power consumption, easy to integrate. Now widely used in mobile communication performance of GaAs switches have also been significantly improved. 3. Ultra-wideband / short-pulse antennas (UWB / SP>

In recent years, ultra-wideband / short-pulse wireless communication technology in the international arena has caused a tremendous research interests. It has the energy in the home, office space and within a short distance to provide high-speed transmission, and without taking up additional spectrum resources and a series of advantages, so as to form personal networks (PAM) 8 and to meet strong global demand for greater bandwidth provided ideal way.

UWB / SP system to deal with the short pulse time domain signal, its spectrum covers a very wide, in order to ensure that the signal received by the antenna radiation and the time domain waveform is not distorted, which called for Gao fidelity, it is not only required for the antenna in the frequency domain UWB, but also to ensure that the antenna phase center with the same characteristics of UWB.

4. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna next generation mobile communication technology, wireless broadband communications technology, the research group aims to make wireless communications spectrum efficiency, capacity and speed have increased tenfold or even hundredfold. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is probably one of the important technical breakthrough. Systems used in transmitting and receiving end of multi-antenna signal to control the spatial distribution, at the same frequency at the same time under the conditions of use of multiple antennas to provide parallel subchannels to increase system capacity or through spatial Toshiba NB200 battery diversity to enhance the quality of signal transmission Gao.

(1) adaptive MIMO technology.

MIMO technology is an important trend is adaptive multi-antenna technology. Traditional MIMO system requires the same number with the number of antennas the higher the price of RF transceivers. The adaptive MIMO system may use the number of RF transceivers less than the number of antennas with reconfigurable antenna MIMO system based on environment / channel automatically selected conditions, adjust the antenna elements used to obtain a small space correlation channels and large channel capacity.

(2) broadband multi-antenna technology miniaturization.

Mobile communication terminal by the mobile terminal multi-antenna systems, especially mobile phone measures only one wavelength or even smaller very strict restrictions, and require smaller antennas and seek with the mobile terminal equipment conformal. If we want such a harsh place multiple antenna size constraints and its corresponding control circuit Yi support adaptive techniques are in the Tian Xian unit, the control circuit miniaturization Tichu extremely difficult requirements. At present mobile communication systems and mobile personal communications systems used by the standard antenna structure is a monopole antenna or the built-in PIFA, the antenna is clearly unable to meet both the need for multiple antenna systems.

Therefore, mobile terminals, particularly in mobile terminals, on one hand required size of the antenna element itself to further miniaturization and high efficiency; the other hand, work to solve the original wide-band single antenna element in the application to multiple antenna system, after some band antenna unit of work becomes narrower, so as to achieve scale mobile broadband multi-antenna systems. In addition, mutual coupling between antenna elements ProBook 4515s battery Yi in isolation is a key indicator of the efficiency impact of the antenna, the antenna matching unit to be good, mutual coupling / isolation determine the antenna efficiency, but also the correlation between antenna elements and antenna The pattern, which directly affects the capacity of MIMO communication systems and quality.