This is the han fei zi “in the a fable, basically read primary school of the Chinese people will understand that.

a circle and information ecology

What is spear or hardened shields established? This is like that of a man, seem to be in a circle, a technical and safety of the vicious circle, as shown in figure 6-6 shows.

The development of computer technology, on the one hand, improve the security level of information on the Internet, on the other hand, we are basically have no way to prevent new technology is applied in the malicious behavior. Attack and defense, the conflict in a spiral line up in the process, to get development, but, this kind of development seems to have no to higher security. We With the Internet as a representative of the human information environment in a way, like the natural ecological system of the same.

The nature of the ecological system is refers to the biological community and its inorganic environment of the interaction Lenovo T410 battery of the natural systems, such as the forest ecological system, the Marine ecosystem, grassland ecological system, etc. Natural ecological system has the characteristics of typical: Ecological balance

The ecological balance is refers to the structure and function of the ecological system depend on each other in a certain time each part through the restriction, transformation, compensation, feedback, and show the energy and material of input and output to equal, material storage and needs relatively stable, information control system and transmission of smooth freely stable state.

In ecological equilibrium, ecological system has the following features:

“The dynamic balance

Ecological system of each component and its surroundings is constantly changing, sports, the balance of the ecosystem is a kind of dynamic balance.

And self adjust ability

When external interference, if this interference no more than a certain limits, ecological system itself through the self adjusting can go back to the original stable state.

relative balance

For ecological system in the human and the nature, any activities will be to affect it even destroy the balance, so the balance of the ecosystem is a relative balance.

Ecological system can be in three states:

growth state

Ecological system, the input of the early material than output, in a state of growth.

Nine stable state

Ecological system, the maturity of matter or energy input is equal to the output. ‘

imbalance state

Due to the influence of various factors of matter and energy input, output, productivity, and less than a balance is destroyed.

The ecological systemadjust itself

Due to external factors, if ecological system in a certain part of the change, and in allowing, within the bounds of the ecological system can now ego adjustment or repair itself in order to maintain the stability of the state. Ecological threshold is

Ecological system the self-adjustment ability is not an unlimited, must be in a certain conditions and range for, or ecological balance will be destroyed. This limit threshold is called the ecosystem. In a mature natural ecological system inside, biological birth, death, inorganic cycle changes as long as no more than ecological threshold is, its structure and function will not changed at all, this is typical of the natural ecological system.

Although, through long efforts, in the field of information security PA3284U-1BRS battery scientists invented all kinds of theory, methods and techniques, but did not bring us more security. We were faced with safety problem has become the norm of the information society, as natural born state system of ecological balance, as well as information security will also be a relative concept, the so-called security should be a relative balance. Facts prove that we might not have to do to get a law absolutely clean information environment.

Nature has high ecological system since the adjustment ability to achieve the ecological balance, also vowed to pursue a safety balance and not clean information ecological environment should be the goal of safety science believe interest rates, and we put the information environment called the information ecological environment.

(2) security’s future

In the I d technology area, never is all market decide. The rules of the game since 18\1 invention machine, 1 defines the 10 remember Moore’s law, was established after. Technology but are market tools.

Since the Internet architecture is sure, from the host, after the network to the Internet, each link of the inherent defect gradually revealed, but because many technology has the huge number of user groups and equipment, when many, the progress of technology instead become a long process. ‘

Internet security problems, especially so.

Engaged in security theory and technology research scientists and engineers have realized, make many security problems from the foundation of the network should solve, redefine the Internet the rules, but the problem is, very difficult. When a technology have a certain amount of the market and user after, it will inevitably become new technology block.

Again, what a scientist can ensure that new technology system can be without holes?

Spear and the shield law can occur at role.

With the development of the Internet, information security field research seems to give people a solemn and stirring feeling wave upon wave, but still can’t see completely resolved hope.

When security has become the norm of modern network society, to human being it like the some sorrow.

The Internet development up to now, are there and for the human services, and in the field, the network the researchers effort is not divided. On one hand, the safety problems in affect our the Internet use, on the other hand, also pushed the Internet technology, raise the level of all. But as discussed in the previous, the spiral of rising, and not for people with higher sense of security.

Looking to the future development of the Internet security problems, the solution Apple A1008 battery mainly has: # break has some network structure system, from the bottom of the realization of security. The Letter;

And in the existing system, the application of artificial intelligence theory and achievements, making the network

Form a intelligent system, deal with security.

Intelligent security is a new topic, also is the research focus in the field of information security. Make our network and computer has enough intelligence, it is human pursuit of the goal. The use of artificial intelligence method to solve the security problem, is an important way of network development in the future.

The development of the Internet mainly in the following respects: will the nine network speed and capacity; Lu the content on the network; And information interaction mode; 9 and the human society fusion the degree to which and the ways.

(a) network speed and capacity

The network data transmission speed can use a professional vocabulary (the bandwidth Remember, said a mock” in fact we commonly used said the speed units is ^ 86000 (1 is representative of every second of data transmission network can double digits.

Remember: the vast majority of network data transmission is the serial, namely, in the signal on the network is an a in the network transmission lines.

With the popularity of the network and computer on data processing ability greatly raised, though the network transmission speed but than ever before has entered the BaiZhao, QianZhao era, but with video, audio, a large number of multimedia information online, the Internet seems to be in a “bandwidth at any time JiEZheng”. Even if the network technology development any faster, it seems like we always feel network speed can’t satisfy the requirements. This is Apple A8244 battery like the same requirements in computer.

The capacity of the network includes information storage capacity and can access the computer number

Network f through into the huge amounts of information era, multimedia data processing technology maturity and development of network storage put forward higher request, a digital movie the data can be equivalent to hundreds of novel data quantity. Mass of data also need the magnitude of the network storage device. About computer storage technology development, the company once gave a very appropriate evaluation, top think “hard drive manufacturer do very outstanding work”. By the end of 2006, or in the first half of 2007, 1000, (3 hard disk will get popular on the Internet. But the storage requirements in the far less still. Network capacity another meaning is the number of computers, namely access address space. We often say what? Yi six substitute 1 1? Yi 4 the main objective is to solve this problem.

Everybody remembered the address formats: this is 11 ^ 4. Example: 202.112.14.151 son.

In order to improve the speed and capacity of the Internet, the United States and other countries are launched by the next generation of the Internet, and the construction of the Internet now, compared to the next generation of the Internet will achieve more targets: 4

And faster than the next generation of the Internet: now network transmission speed increased 1 000 to 10 000 times;

And the more big: the next generation of the Internet will gradually Dell D420 battery give up 11  4, the opening address. 11 6

Agreement, so that, for limited I? The address will be infinite, big enough to give rich on the ball to every drop of sand equipped with an I? Address, so, your family every one of east west can be assigned a I? Address, real let digital life into reality;

And the more security: the trouble of computer network security hidden danger will be next generation of the Internet is effectively controlled, will not like this at a loss what to do.

(2) the content on the network and service

For audio, video and computer multimedia data processing, make the human society has entered into the multimedia era. As the network technology and the development of computer technology, the future of the network will into more multimedia data, and provide the more abundant service. Telephone, television, data communication and other “three nets fusion” or “many of the objectives of network convergence at present to do not exist already too many technical barriers.

Sum up, in the content and services, and the future of the Internet is Sony BPS3 battery shown as: the boxing depends on the development of the network bandwidth, more forms of multimedia data will enter the network;

network will provide more rich service form.

In August 2002, 5, hair 17 in the forward files the national informatization brought guide team of the construction of e-government on our guidance, “made it clear that we shall continue to perfect has achieved initial results office business resource system, JinGuan, gold and financial prison tube (contain gold card) 4 engineering, promote the business synergy, resource integration; Start-up and accelerate macroeconomic management, JinCai, golden shield, gold umpire, social security, JinNong, jinshui, gold qualitative Dell Inspiron 1300 battery wait for eight business system project construction, and the corresponding constructing standardization system and security body department, to further promote the development of electronic government affairs.

“Golden bridge” project based on satellite integrated digital network, optical fiber, microwave, wireless mobile etc, forming a way of network structure, space is a connection to the state council and the ministries, and various provinces, cities, and fenpi large and medium-sized enterprises and national key project connection information communication network, national public economy could be transmitted data, voice and image to email, electronic data exchange for information exchange platform for all kinds of information, provide the circulation physical paths. At present, the “golden bridge” project already in Beijing, tianjin, shenyang, dalian, changchun, Harbin, Shanghai and other national 24 center using satellite communications screw city was established by a VSAT technology primarily, by optical fiber, supplemented by satellite comprehensive information network. “Gold” project namely electronic currency project. Its goal is to use for more than 10 years time, in 3 million urban population popularization and financial transactions card, credit card. “JinGuan” project Toshiba Satellite Pro A100 battery is using EDI realize international trade information, further with international trade integration.

March 12, 1993 hosted a conference of the state council premier zhu rongji proposed and deployment of jinqiao engineering construction, and the informationization of the national economy construction as one of the start-up project. It is based on the national conditions of China a strategic project, its mission is to put our country has built and informationization of the national economy is under construction of special application engineering, put each aircraft professional network and isomorphism network in the different types of computer, source and various application software through economic, effective and fast and rational way relates in together, construction supports multiple protocols and various heterogeneous networks interconnected, public and open the letter and the comprehensive information exchange center of information. Construction jinqiao project’s goal is to: in the nation’s macroeconomic regulation and decision-making services; For economic and social information resource sharing services; For enterprise information application service; For electronic information market and promote the construction of modern electronic information industry development service; To promote the informationization of the national economy and improve social productivity service.

The “three golden” project is put forward, which greatly Asus A3 battery promoted the Chinese informatization construction, tore up a network construction boom. From the beginning of 1990s, the domestic open exhibition a number of “gold” word engineering.

“Gold” word engineering construction laid the foundation of China’s information, also greatly carry high for the development of China’s network level.

(1) is more advantageous to the multimedia performance

Ordinary screen, the screen width ratio are all standard “, while the widescreen refers to the aspect ratio for urbanus, generously or wrapped etc width more broad screen, favors the multimedia performance.

29 [or pictures of proportion is just people’s eyes visual field of the golden ratio, the use of such screen movie, the picture look up feeling more spacious and comfortable. At present many films of clap perturbation follow urbanus specifications; New high-definition Dell Latitude D630 battery digital television (HDTV) system also USES urbanus specifications; More and more game makers are already began officially launched many support widescreen mode of game, user can now in some big games, for example you – act 2, age of empires 3 games in line widescreen mode of the game.

In this view, the more suitable for future widescreen LCD also more media streaming video playback, never like traditional display sowing put DVD movies, screen in the fluctuation will each occurrence of two screen bar, show the effect of the obvious outperform the narrow screen.

2 the operation more convenient more comfortable

Widescreen through ascension brightness and contrast, can obtain better image effects. PuBing LCD panel tubes were vertical inverted widescreen is adopted, and the way tapped, such design tubes and needs to illuminate the longer distance is shorter, so screen everywhere bright degrees and contrast more easily also remain consistent. Widescreen laptop computers are usually relatively wide fuselage, so in laptop can be integrated more functions. For example TianYi Y810 in lenovo keyboard left and right placed numerous DJ placement is shortcut button, can users operate up more convenient. Widescreen notebook computer keyboard in the choice of more favorable, comfortable keyboard is also embodied notebook computer is an important aspect of humanized design. In addition, notebook computers around the big, and arrange more more complete interface also relatively easier to.

3 basic cost will not increase

On price, widescreen LCD LCD panels will not because of increased significantly after widescreen cost. Whether cutting ordinary 15 inches or 16×9 widescreen 15.4 inch 15.2 inches, the panel, each substrate can be cut out 16 one-sided board, so the cost will not therefore increased.

But although the panel costs not increase, but some vendors but on it played the pattern, namely widescreen selling point, playing out entertainment or business banner, in order to get more profit.

4 more advantageous to the daily and business IBM Thinkpad X60t battery applications

Widescreen liquid crystal in commercial applications also can develop unique for use, becomes the modern office assistant. In general case widescreen LCD can switch into the mire of format, realization and the mire of doppler display image format compatible, ask to customers for a conversion of space, have another choice. Just in the maximum resolution, due to the screen display boundary restriction without can switch into “mode, should choose widescreen mode (i.e., 29).

Due to the lack of using Low – K technology, Mobility Radeom X700 core frequency is only 350MHz, but the video memory is using the expensive 64MB to 128MB GDDR3, support, frequency reached 700MHz. Using the Smoothvision, Smartshade technology, such as the actual performance is almost twice the Radeom X600 Mobility, also support the Powerplay5.0 ATi techniques for saving energy.

(7) Radeom X800 Mobility

Because in the end of 2004 Nvidia released a paragraph of mobile core slice Geforce Go 6,800 in performance, and surmounted ATi was the strongest performance Radeom 9,800 Mobility. A rumour ATi released Radeom Mobility X800 to deal with, with no to any of X800 core R420 shrink, therefore X800 in performance first beyond the desktop display chip. X800 engineering code-named M28, due to the time of issue earlier than Radeom X700 Mobility, therefore no adopt the latest 0.11 muon M manufacturing process, but adopted Low – K technology, and reduced the calorific value, transistors number achieved when ATi mobile display chip the peak of 160 million, core 400MHz high frequency. Coupled with (ie together with) adopts high frequency of 800MHz GDDR – 3 256bit manifested in 2007, the higher the Mobility Radeom can X700 nearly doubled, also support the fifth ATi Powerplay power management skill resection. The last is the X800XT X800PRO /, besides increase four 3D rendering pipeline make totaled 16 beyond, still carry high display the core and the frequency of memory, including flagship X800XT shows the frequency and the video memory core of frequency both reached 4801MHz / 1100MHz highs.

(8) Radeom X1300 / X1400 Mobility

These two section X1000 chip support ATi, adopts advanced technology AVIVO 90nm craft manufacture, support Shader MoDel 3.0, supports multi-threading 3D structure, support Diader 9.0 c. In fact Radeom Mobility X1400 display core Radeom Mobility X1300 completely with the same, for RV515 core, and parameters are also with X1300 same. Basically, In the high frequency of X1300 ATi based on joined temperature control circuit, namely actually in graphics burden small when can to close part circuit. As for performance because X1400 set in frivolous model, so in frequency, video memory specifications will have shrunk, compared with X1300 speaking Hp compaq 2210B battery performance will certainly lower.

(9) Radeom X1600 Mobility

ATi video X1600 launched mobile Radeom with desktop edition, compared with 90 nanometres production process, so the power control is also outstanding. There are 12 Radeom X1600 hug rendering pipeline and five vertex Shader unit, and based on the RV530 shows the core, support, provide 128bit memory of formal Shader Model 3.0 support. X1600 adopted the new design, and enable ATi first generation 90nm craft production, integrated 1.57 billion transistors, have 12 pixel shader assembly line and five vertx single yuan, 4 texture units, four Render Back up and 8 Z mean unit and single cycle the most high executive 128 thread ability. This than previously for intermediate market ATi RV410 eight pieces pipe pixel to four. X1600 compared to the original core advanced many, opening a new framework for those standardized Shader of blocks, provide SM3.0 support and adopting new memory controller structure, the more high quality (HDR image, with support for 128FP operation ability, provide new anti-aliasing function), support AVIVO platform. Another example Render to End (RBE), this function is similar to the images of ROP (NVIDIA Raster Operation place all Processor grating Daniel device) function, and in performing FP16 Operation when still can in order to realize the multiple sampling antialiasing, that is to say, in execution of such Operation such as HDR while still can realize RV530 AA sampling or anti-aliasing.

(10) X800 Radeon Mobility

The X800 XT Radeon ATI Mobility is specially designed for swim drama lovers and high-performance notebook computers designed using portable graphics techniques of processing unit, it incorporates cutting-edge 3D graphics performance, high quality video replay function and excellent image quality. It has 16 the rendering pipeline and eight vertex shader unit, support the 256bit manifested.

(11) X1900 Radeon Mobility

Mobile edition X1900 adopts MXM III module. MXM is an ODM manufacturer of hope, also set encapsulation NVIDIA millions of mobile multi-screen chip packages form. This type of mobile graphics chips collocation GDDR3 memory, SM33.0 ubuntu 7.04 is 256MB support, support AVIVO video technology, support HDCP 1080p high-definition video playback support, using PowerPlay6.0 power saving technology. The pictures of various types of the test score card.

On the market at present already have use mobile Edition of the display card X1900 notebook computer, such as Fujitsu Siemens appear AMILO Xi 1554 system, this system of Core 2 Duo processors by 17-inch LCD display, tie-in (maximum resolution 1920 X 1,200), 2GB, operating IBM Thinkpad X60 battery system adopt with Windows Media Center happen. This product support Windows Vista Premium.

In addition, ATI has launched a more powerful performance such as card, then X1950 ATI company is AMD bought by.

5. The development trend of notebook computer graphics

Talking about the development trend of future graphics, first should be highly integrated. Although integrated graphics chips have difficulty upgrades, poor performance, make chipsets rising cost, increase defects such as calorific value, but for business users, but it IBM Thinkpad X60 battery makes the machine costs under descending, reduced volume, compatibility issue decrease, these exactly is commercial users care deeply. And now many integration core slice group has also provides AGP or PCI – E slot, permission to use households in need to add the independent video card higher. Secondly, as household display chip high-speed development, professional level display adapters and entertainment graphics dividing line will gradually become blurred, no-till liters of graphics “magical jump line” Settings and once entered household market 3DLabs Permedia2 chips are two typical representative. From the household ATI and NVIDIA company level display chip has developed some professional show card products, in many tests can totally, totally against even more than those using professional chip product. On the other hand, by in software and hardware of generality enhanced obviously, the display systems have console and display computer system integration trend, but this process is still find it difficult to contemplate, there may be a need for a long time, and it is also possible that the next-generation games consoles realize. Finally, on display chip internal specification, 512 bits (six DDR) of the video memory will rapidly growing in popularity, add video card will be fully support additional bandwidth, PCI – E transmission, disturbing the ability to play video memory bandwidth and communication ability problems will have a degree of ease. In addition, as the most to taste new interface card manufacturers, video card manufacturers have DDR3 DDR2 memory and will, in the video CARDS, so as to further improve the ability of memory.

(1) uncover scanners, then cover book face downward into the scanner. Click the [] scanner SCAN button, at this time will pop up according to select applications [] dialog box, if computers have installed the software, but in Photoshop [registered application] list box to select [Photoshop] options.

(2) click ok “button will start Photoshop Adobe Photoshop] [program open window, also will open [ScanGear CS -u] window.

3 click “preview (P)” button to start the preview into scanner scanner cover effect, at this time will books keep prompt the user documentation cover closed.

4 seconds after the system will be in [ScanGear CS -u] window shows book cover preview effect.

5 now can find books are not put the position, need adjustment whole once. Therefore open scanner cover and properly attune the whole book position, then click “preview (P)” button to preview its effect. Users can also change to scan images of the modes such as image type, color mode, the resolution and paper size etc.

6 set finished click “scan (S)” button, then system will pop Dell Inspiron 500M battery up a tip boxes, prompt the user of the scanning process must keep text block cover the closed position.

7 then will open [are] scanning… Clew box, and shows the progress of the scanning.

7 in [Adobe Photoshop scanning completion] window will show book cover scans effect. At this time window menu bar in all menu items are not available.

9 ScanGear CS -u closed [], [Adobe Photoshop window] window of each menu will become are often state. Users can in the images further editor. Edit finished click [file storage for]] – [menu item open [storage for] dialog box, finally put the pictures in the right position can be preserved.

3. Projectors,

At work, use projectors rhizosphere and carry out various slide presentation is inevitable, such not only can make big and clear considered picture, still can make the whole process is more vivid, effective demo.

(1) connected projector

Projector use method is simpler, and use external display device similar, only needs to be connected to the notebook VGA output interface, and then in 8108 in or through function key combination ([Fn] + [F4 ", "Fn] + [F5] or other) set notebook screen and VGA interface also shows that can.

Here in the HP Compaq laptops and Toshiba Presario v30009TU TDP – T30 data projectors, for example, this TOSHIBA Satellite Pro A100 battery paper introduces laptop computers and the method of connecting the projector.

Concrete operating procedure is as follows.

(1) going to use projectors, ready, and prepare required matchs pieces, such as the power cord, RGB cable (connection laptops and projectors use), including RGB cable two VGA interface is the same.

(2) find laptop corresponding VGA interface.

(3) will any other VGA cable RGB interface insert into the VGA laptop computer interface.

4 will another interface insert into projector corresponding COMPUTER 1 interface (note: there are two interfaces behind the projector, respectively is 1 and 2 COMPUTER interface, user can choose according to need any of them an interface).

5 this notebook and projector is connected together.

(2) use projector

Will projectors and notebook computers after connection can use cast shadow apparatus.

(1) the power connector confirmation will be inserted into the projector hosts AC IN power socket, and IN the power of the interpolation head will insert metope or other places within the power socket.

2 in turn on the power before the lens unloaded projector lens cover, otherwise lens cap set above may because of be heated and deformation.

3 in the rear panel projectors, open ON IBM Thinkpad X60 battery the main source switch, when the host operating panel [ON] instructions parade into orange, says into a standby mode.

4 click the host operating panel [ON/STANDBY "button. The electricity, [ON]] and [[technologies, FAN] the three instructions parade into green.

5 wait a moment will appear starting frame.

6 the appropriate adjustment lens Angle, make broadcast picture to pitch projection screen right in the middle. Then press the power switch on laptops, restart Windows operating system, then notebook on the LCD panel will also show the pictures to cast shadow panel.

7 will projectors and laptop computers connected completely, open a using PowerPoint making slides, then choose holding [view] – [slide show "menu items, or directly by press [F5" button can be demo slides.

As laptop computers connected to the already open projectors, but can't show laptop screen, can be used first projector remote control computer signals search cables; If you still no fish with thing, it is probably laptop display mode type Settings have problems. This happened, you need to pass over BIOS setup or through hotkeys switching (different brand notebook PC its switch is different also. Such as HP hotkey notes this computer is [Fn] + [F4] key combination, Dell laptop computer is [10] Fn] [F8 key combination, etc.) will remember this computer Settings for pen "notebook and projectors displayed" mode.

(3) close projector

Demo finish slide projector closed after the specific steps as follows.

(1) under the shadow Lord Sang for granted instrument panel [ON/STANDBY] button, at this time will appear ON the screen really wanted to shutdown tips.

2 main operation panel click ON [ON/STANDBY "button, the main operation panel ON the [] indicator light (green technologies color) flickered ON, [ON] the lights turned orange, [FAN] for green, now still indicator light bulb began to enter into the cooling period. In this condition cannot new processing power.

(3) dream of [] indicator extinguished, after technologies projectors, internal cooling fans will still continue to roll over a period of time, to keep the device inside the waste heat dispersion out, then [FAN] indicator light (green) and [ON] indicator will still lights (orange). In this condition if time is not allowed, can midway power plug

Head from the wall-socket plucked or shut off the main power switch, but best not to do so. 4 when [FAN] indicator went after cooling namely end projector into standby (right now [ON] the lights are still orange), where you can close the mains switch or person unplugged the power cord safely shut down.

Since the 50s from the 20th century, people enjoy the carefree benefits of oil, especially in some developed capitalist countries, the energy wasted is staggering. But before long, the 20th century appeared in the 70’s energy crisis, it begs the question: the world of endless exploitation of oil resources to long? How much oil on earth?

According to the U.S. Geological Survey statistics and forecasts, so far, the world total 64 billion tons of crude oil recovery, the remaining proven recoverable reserves of about 103 billion tons. With the probability estimate of undiscovered recoverable reserves of 460-2020 million tons, the value of 79 billion tons. Potential oil production of the world eventually reach 246 billion tons in 2030 to meet the needs of the current rate of oil extraction.

According to statistics, the world had 37.18 trillion cubic HP Compaq 6730S battery meters of natural gas recovery has proven natural gas reserves remaining approximately 90.36 trillion cubic meters, prospective reserves forecast to 143.88 trillion cubic meters. The world’s total gas resource is about 271 trillion cubic meters. At current consumption levels, proven reserves can be maintained into 2040, the total amount of resources can be maintained to 2131, than the crude oil resources as well.

In general, the formation of oil and gas reserves can not be estimated very accurately, because the large investment in geological exploration, and often to find oil and gas and mining profit only after 30 years. It is this very slow effective long-term projects, the global oil and gas reserves will always be just estimates.

Some energy experts say, as oil extraction technology can also increase the oil supply. Recoverable oil reserves of the general rate of 25%. Later, the people through the water or gas into the reservoir to maintain reservoir pressure, the oil reserves recoverable rate to 32%. This is called secondary recovery techniques. In addition, there is a recovery technology called three times, that is to steam or chemicals into the reservoir to reduce oil viscosity, allowing easy flow, increase recoverable rate. This technology is applicable with viscous oil. In individual cases, may take the rate of 80%. This technology as too expensive and not widely used at present.

Currently, non-renewable energy sources have been identified throughout the world total reserves 650GTOE (TOE for the oil equivalent, 1TOE = 10500 MB card; 1G = 109). But some believe that the identified reserves of the world’s total reserves of the final 1 / 14, accounting for the total recoverable Lenovo IdeaPad Y450A battery reserves of 1 / 7. Of which coal accounted for 460GTOE, accounting for non-renewable energy sources have been identified for 70% of total reserves, today it bears 25% of the total energy consumption; and oil together with oil shale and oil sand with only 20%. Was supplying 39% of energy consumption, so how can not be exhausted much earlier than the coal it?

Therefore, mention of brown coal, would think it poor quality, less useful. In fact, the use of lignite is very extensive, not only fuel for power, but also can be used for gasification, liquefaction, coking and chemical extraction. Meanwhile, the lignite-rich, generally shallow depth, simplicity, relatively low cost mining. Therefore, countries in the world, saying beneficial attention lignite exploration and development, production increased.

Currently, most of the world’s lignite production for power generation. As the lignite low heat, and moisture content is high, power generation coal consumption volume, it is generally built near the mine pit power plants. In recent years, some countries will be broken brown coal drying, made of particle size of 0.1 mm below the dry brown powder, a highly flammable fuel for the blast furnace, coke can be saved.

At high temperature, lignite and gas (eg oxygen, carbon dioxide) has a strong chemical reactivity of organic matter can transform coal into a combustible gas. At present, many countries, with gas and lignite production of synthetic raw materials for civilian city gas, and some countries use lignite coal gas production accounted Toshiba Equium U400 battery for the total gas consumption in the city more than 60%, gas heat up to 16 720 joules per cubic meter, fully meet the demand. Lignite production of synthetic materials with gas, is an important organic chemical raw materials, can be produced nitrogen, hydrogen, plastics, polyester and methanol and other chemical products.

Increase in the amount of the binder in brown coal coke, coke heat up to 29 260 joules per kilogram, is also a civilian fuel heat value of smoke-free. In addition, it can be recovered from the coking even more than the bituminous coal coking oil, ammonia, coke oven gas and other by-products.

Rich in lignite lignite wax and humic acid. Lower lignite wax and humic acid content can reach 12% -15%, respectively, 35% -40%. Lignite wax is to create coatings, paints, rubber additives, lubricants and raw materials for high wax paper. According to reports, Germany 40,000 tons annual output of lignite wax, exported to more than 40 countries, largely dominated the international market.

Lignite humic acid, in agriculture can be prepared from acid fertilizer, has to provide nourishment, soil and stimulate plant growth effect. In geological drilling, lignite humic acid used as a slurry of the regulator, and can adjust and maintain the slurry process performance, increase drilling efficiency. In addition, there is a wealth of rare elements in brown coal (such as gallium and germanium), often the recovery of germanium and gallium an important raw material.

Fly ash is a treasure in the power plant’s flue every day to produce a tremendous amount of fly ash. In the past, usually on the ash pit of an abandoned valley, this approach is not polluting the environment, can not make full use of fly ash. Later it was discovered brick with fly ash can also be made of cement and other mine blast. Since then, they launched a study of fly ash of agricultural resources.

As the coal is produced from plants, so the composition of fly ash as with plant ash, containing essential plant growth nutrients. The elemental composition of coal fly ash because of the source vary, the main component is silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, and did not burn the carbon Dell vostro 1310 battery and phosphorus, potassium, sodium. In addition, the powder

Ash also contains trace elements such as boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium. Fly ash not only for fertilizer, but also a good soil conditioner. Clay can be used for loose soil, the soil used to transform the role of saline are used for sand can increase water retention. Therefore, to fly in agricultural research is of great significance.

Fly the direction of agricultural research in China can be divided into two stages; the first phase focused on fly ash fertilizer value and soil improvement effect on yield; second phase gradually to the natural radioactive elements in fly ash and heavy metals in the environment on the potential hazards and control measures. The mid-20th century, 60, have Jian agricultural development of the fly ash effect of trial, and achieved some success. Test proved that an acre of land cast 7500 kg of fly ash, wheat, rice, corn, soybeans, sorghum, corn and other crops have different yield. Casing made with fly ash to fill in pits, soil, and the results are obvious.

Test showed that fly ash is a compound containing a variety of elements, the lack of these elements as the soil and acidic soil replenishment source of manure. In addition, although the fly ash does not contain organic matter, but there is some absorption, with municipal waste, manure, straw and other organic compost together. Fly ash can also be used as a rice seedling north, vegetable seedling cover, to enhance the soil surface temperature, which will help cultivate seedlings.

Rhizobium using fly ash as a carrier to fly for the matrix, adding the constant need to grow plants, the amount of trace elements, made all the quality nutrients silicate fertilizer; use of fly ash as a flower basal, and promote the growth of flowers to promote its height, flourished in spend, can replace animal fat.

Covering the abandoned farmland after Ash, it will cause all kinds of crops of radioactive elements and heavy metals accumulation? Some research institutes have conducted this test. The results showed that the abandoned ash field to field Yihou casing, crops or vegetables Lay the edible parts, and radioactivity HP compaq 2710 tablet battery Hanliangbuhui exceed the national acceptable standard; use Fenmei Hui improve soil, Zhi Yao Zai acre application rate 50 tons of the following will not result in radioactive uranium, thorium and heavy metals over quantity. But some experts believe that the amount of fly ash must be strictly controlled, and strengthen supervision and management.

First, it is an effective alternative energy sources. Small size of nuclear fuel high energy, nuclear chemistry is greater than a few hundred times. 1 kg of uranium -235 release energy equivalent to 2700 tons of standard coal, the energy released. A one million kilowatts of large-scale thermal power plants, coal 3 million per year? 4 million tons, transport the coal trains need to 2760, equivalent to eight trains a day, but also removed 40 million tons ash, but with the power of the pressure water reactor nuclear power plant, only a year of uranium consumption was 3 at -235. 28 tons of low enriched uranium fuel than coal-fired power station to save a lot of manpower and resources. In addition, coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels, are also a valuable chemical raw material, can be used to create all kinds of synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes, medicines, so burning them is very unfortunate. Nuclear fuel for alternative energy, conventional energy saving, and used in other industries. The beneficial uses of uranium on humans is only one, that is as fuel for nuclear reactors. So much for alternative energy with the nuclear fuel is in line with “best use” principle.

Second, environmental pollution. Most of the current environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel combustion will release a lot of smoke, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. Caused by the harmful gases such as carbon dioxide a “greenhouse effect”, could see temperatures rise, will cause abnormal weather, speed up the process of land desertification, to the devastating social and economic impact of sustainable development. Nuclear power plant emissions of these harmful substances is not and will not cause the “greenhouse effect.” Nuclear power plant set up layers of barriers, the “dirty” things are hidden in the “belly”, essentially no emissions pollute the environment, is the radioactive contamination is much smaller than coal-fired power station. According to statistics, when the normal operation Dell Inspiron 1570 battery of nuclear power plants a year to residents of the radioactive impact, less than an X-ray absorbed dose.

Third, cost-effective, low cost of electricity. Countries in the world have nuclear power for many years statistics show that, although capital investment in nuclear power plants than coal-fired power plants, thermal power plants are generally the same double-half to two times, but the cost of fuel it uses cheaper than coal much maintenance costs run less than thermal power plants, so an integrated view, nuclear power plants generate electricity cheaper than fossil fuel plants is much lower, at present, 20% -50% lower.

Fourth, the nuclear energy for sustainable development. Had the world’s proven reserves of about 5 million tons of uranium, thorium reserves of about 2.75 million tons. The human use of fossil fuels sufficient to the fusion era. Fusion fuel is mainly deuterium and lithium, deuterium content of water in about 0.034 g / l, it is estimated that the total amount of water on Earth is about 13.8 billion 100 million cubic meters, in which deuterium is about 40 trillion tons of reserves; Earth lithium reserves more than 2000 million tons of lithium used to make deuterium, adequate use of human beings in the fusion era. At the present level of world energy consumption, the earth for nuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium atoms can be hundreds of billions of years for human use. Therefore, some energy experts believe that as long as the settlement of the nuclear fusion technology, humans will fundamentally solve the energy problem.

Use of nuclear energy is safe use of nuclear power generation, the most worrying issue is safety. Many of the concerns are mostly caused by the following two events. One said, in August 1945 6 and 9 say, the U.S. military in Nagasaki, two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima, destroying the two said, the city, killed and injured many people. Added the “Cold War” hype, causing people to nuclear terror. Second, in March 1979, the U.S. Three Mile Island nuclear power plant of a nuclear leak case; 1986 years ago the Soviet Union, Chernobyl nuclear leakage accident occurred, greatly increasing the awareness of nuclear energy in worries, a lot of people talk Ideapad Y650A battery about nuclear discoloration.

However, the situation half a century to prove the use of nuclear energy, the use of nuclear energy is safe. From the structure of nuclear reactor facilities and safety point of view, there are four nuclear power plant safety barrier. In the light water reactor nuclear power stations, to prevent leakage of radioactive material, people set up four nuclear power plant safety barrier.

The first security barrier a fuel pellet. Nuclear fission of radioactive material remain in more than 98% uranium dioxide ceramic pellets.

A second security barrier fuel cladding. Little finger a big stack of fuel pellets packed in zirconium alloy tube, the tube sealed.

Composition of the fuel rod components. Zirconium tube generally referred to as fuel element cladding tubes, it can produce the fissile nuclear fuel, radioactive material sealed housing, to prevent their entry into the water loop.

The third security barrier a pressure vessel (reactor coolant pressure boundary). Posed by the nuclear fuel core enclosed in wall thickness of 20 cm of steel pressure vessel, pressure vessel and the loop is high pressure, the radioactive material will not leak to the reactor plant in the.

Fourth Road safety containment barrier 11. Reactor Building (Secure Shell) is a tall prestressed concrete structure, wall thickness of about 1 meter, plus the inner surface of 6 mm thick steel liner, good sealing performance, can prevent radiation into the environment. A circuit device are installed here. Containment also have safety injection system, containment spray system, cool down the system, air purification and cooling systems. Containment can withstand extreme accidents caused by sharp increase in internal pressure and temperature, can withstand tornadoes, earthquakes and other natural disasters, can withstand external shocks, such as aircraft crash impact.

In addition, the design is always to the reactor inherently stable, that is, when the nuclear energy release is too fast, the reactor temperature rises too high, the reaction will be reduced or even stopped on their own. Therefore, the reactor in any case, even Apple MacBook 13 inch A1278 battery if out of control or core damage, fission reaction will automatically stop, can not happen like an atomic bomb like explosions.

However, the nuclear power plant is also the problem of radioactive pollution, such as uranium mining and melting in the discharge of waste water emissions from the operation of nuclear power plants and waste, nuclear fuel reprocessing and the “waste” disposal emissions, effluents and waste. These problems have long attracted people’s attention, as long as the strict management, these problems are difficult to solve.