We know that water is hydrogen and oxygen from the composition. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen 2 oxygen 1, that is water. Hydrogen can be burned in oxygen, and combustion flame temperature can reach 2,500 degrees, melting the steel can. This is not “water and fire,” it? It also found that hydrogen can not only burn, but also in the combustion process also produces water, is this not a “fire in the raw water” it? Therefore, the phrase “incompatible” in the modern high-tech conditions, can give a new meaning.

Hydrogen in the chemical periodic table, ranked first, in general, gaseous state. Hydrogen is lighter than air, so use as detection of high-altitude weather balloons, holiday balloon flying colored, mostly full of hydrogen. Hydrogen combustion in oxygen, released by the temperature can reach 2,500 degrees of heat, so use it to cut steel or welded steel. Hydrogen combustion energy released, calculated per unit weight, more than any kind of organic fuel, the energy of gasoline even higher than 3 times, it is a new type of high-energy fuel.

As the hydrogen in the combustion process, combustion generates water Dell Inspiron 1470 battery and trace amounts of nitrogen hydrogen, no ash, no pollution of the environment, so it is a clean, pollution-free fuel. Hydrogen can either replace the coal, oil and natural gas, used in normal daily life, can also be used in industry as a new energy.

On Earth, as a fuel material argon, can be said inexhaustible. Because the nature, hydrogen is everywhere, the air, the soil, especially in water, hydrogen even more numerous. The nature of the water is very large, only the ocean about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water, in addition to the water in rivers and lakes. Approximately 11% of water containing hydrogen, if the water are decomposed by hydrogen, as energy use, combined with hydrogen in the combustion process also produces water, so hydrogen does it mean that inexhaustible you!

It is because of hydrogen’s “talent,” Maria, only been in recent years, energy experts around the world the favor. 50 years of the 20th century, in the aviation industry, using liquid argon as the supersonic and subsonic aircraft fuel, making -57 twin-engine bomber on hydrogen engines to achieve a hydrogen aircraft heaven. Earth satellite was launched in 1957, spacecraft travel into space in 1963, 1968, the Apollo spacecraft to the moon, etc., all have made great contributions to hydrogen fuel.

Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium that. They are the third generation of nuclear energy (nuclear fusion) of fuel. Deuterium Uranium nuclear fusion produces more energy than the energy released from nuclear fission large number of times. Nature, about 3.8 liters of water, it contains 0.5 grams of deuterium, the resulting fusion energy equivalent to about 1365 barrels of gasoline contains the energy. Scientists calculated, containing about 0.03 grams per liter of water deuterium, sea water contains a total of 4.5 billion tons of deuterium, with 10 human enough? 1.5 billion years. Therefore, some scientists believe that sea water in the heavy hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) would solve the energy crisis of mankind’s best hope. However, nuclear fusion technology can be more complex to get the energy I am afraid have to wait for decades. Once the objective of fusion energy production and large-scale industrial applications, then we can really achieve a lot from seawater to make hydrogen, you can create “artificial sun” and change the climate of the.

Current development of hydrogen remaining in the two problems, one is Ideapad Y650 battery the hydrogen storage problem, the other is to take the problem of hydrogen system. Hydrogen at low temperature of minus 252.7 degrees, it can become a liquid, which liquid hydrogen can be installed in special cylinders in, but because of very low boiling point of liquid hydrogen, steam under pressure at room temperature, so in general power equipment difficult to use. Coupled with high-pressure liquid hydrogen, hydrogen can also be turned into metal state, people of solid metal and non-metallic hydrogen hydride store, this is more convenient to use and transport. This method of hydrogen storage, is inseparable from the efforts of scientists, but costs will still be expensive.

Preparation method of the present more hydrogen, such as conventional hydrogen production methods, biological hydrogen production method, solar hydrogen, atomic hydrogen created. But production costs are high, in the future to mass production of hydrogen, must strive to cost down in order to meet the needs as the main energy. What is the element lithium? Why does it become a new energy future?

Distribution of lithium in the periodic table on the upper left corner, the second cycle, atomic number 3. Lithium was discovered in 1817, used 50 years of the 20th century. Lithium has two isotopes, known as lithium and lithium -7 -6. It can be used for controlled thermonuclear fusion power plant, molten lithium as a coolant for the reactor core fusion, fission reactor core; also serve as a source of tritium, tritium fusion is an important element. Because lithium and lithium -7 -6, in the high energy neutron bombardment, the deuterium and tritium into the fission easily. Lithium deuteride and lithium hydride -6 -6 is built spaces in thermonuclear fusion reactions produce solid materials. Lithium deuteride -6, that is, the hydrogen bomb blast of explosives. 1 kg of lithium deuteride -6 explosive power, equivalent to 50,000 tons of high explosives.

From the use of lithium for some of the world energy situation, 1 kg of lithium, with the energy of roughly 4,000 tons of coal equivalent to the heat production of 7.0 billion kWh of electricity annually consumed only 1.6 tons of heavy water (322 kg tritium), and 8.5 tons of natural lithium (676 kg lithium -6). It would appear that the consumption of lithium is very small, so the total cost is very low, less than 10% of the total cost of its energy than the energy produced by fission of uranium -235 high several times.

Survey shows that the lithium in sea water is very rich resource in the world’s oceans is estimated that a total of 260 billion tons of lithium, can be enough for tens of billions of years of human use.

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Solar water heaters are usually placed in the top housing may also be placed in other sunny places. One morning with cold water in the afternoon you can access the hot water by solar heating. To the mid-20th century, the use of solar water heater technology has reached a mature stage. Solar water heater industry is the world’s solar energy industry in the backbone. Area of solar water heaters installed in China ranks first in the world. It is estimated that the use of these solar water heaters, coal can be saved every year at least 500,000 tons, has revealed its edge.

As people’s living standards continued to improve, the developing countries of the world’s people, the demand for hot water right Shenghuo Xunsu increase in small rural towns Hu vast, yet to a condition for gas or Dianlaitigong water, Renmen use of solar energy Re Shuiqi yes very natural and reasonable. At present, about 500 solar water heater factory, total output in 1997 reached 2.5 million square meters (light area), the total water heaters use more than 10 million square meters, hot water for the 30 million residents.

Solar water heater types are: stuffy sun heaters, no guts nausea sun heaters, water heater Lenovo Y400 battery pipe plate, concentrating solar water heater, vacuum tube-type water heater.

1. Stuffy sun water heater: solar water heater is relatively simple, low cost and with less stringent requirements for a hot water. This water heater can be divided into two types of courage and guts. Courage, is the solar drying boring black plastic or metal box with the water containers and bile. When the solar radiation to the stuffy drying box, the box temperature to water within the water tank is heated. When the temperature reaches a certain request, to let out hot water use. Currently on the market or plastic cylinder Single Tube water heater, are of this type are generally seasonal, but also, mainly for family users.

2. No guts boring drying heaters: water heaters, also known as shallow pool. It works somewhat similar to the drying-type solar cooker boring.

3. Tube plate heater: also known as flat-plate collector, widely used in crop drying, warm water fish farming, greenhouses for growing vegetables, air conditioning and refrigeration, pool heating, baths, and a variety of industrial and agricultural use of water, any temperature below 100 degrees in the field, can use this water heater as a heat source.

Tube heaters by the transparent cover plate (glass or plastic), heat-absorbing body, the composition of the insulation layer and shell. Sunlight into the collector through the transparent cover is endothermic absorbed within, thus transformed into heat energy, and then connected by pipeline with the heat-absorbing plate in the water (water heater) or heat-absorbing plate, or the lower part of the air (air set heat) for heat exchange, to heat water or air to reach the required temperature. Using this water heater, can generally be 40-70 degree water or air.

This basic principle of solar collector water heater, like other water heaters, the water cycle through different temperature density. Hot light, to rise. Heavy cold water only slowly from the bottom up top. The water tank through the collector loop heat, and gradually reach a balance, it is no longer up and down movement of the. However, always keep water in the tank into the collector at the bottom, and hot water also flows in the elitebook 8530p battery upper water tank to provide hot water to use.

4. Concentrating solar water heater: is formed by the condenser water heater collector. From a structural form that concentrating collectors can be divided into a parabolic, cylindrical, Fresnel lens, condenser and other rotating paraboloid and the cone. Usually require tracking concentrating solar collectors, to get high. To improve the hot water temperature, but also to link up several concentrating collectors, multi-level condenser heat. The most common is parabolic concentrator, which is reflected sunlight gathered in a water pipe on, people use the water flow rate control tube to get hot water at different temperatures, the slower flow, higher water temperature.

5. Vacuum tube water heater: It is made using vacuum technology, which can reduce the convection heat loss, increase the temperature. Maximum temperature can reach 200 degrees, can be used throughout the year. It not only can water heating can also heat the air. At present, many countries in the world for air conditioning, winter heating, summer cooling, hot water bath so. In addition, some countries are also used in the winter fish, such as solar dryers.

In recent years, there has developed a new product, its name is double-loop vacuum tube solar water heater, it appears to resolve the problem freezing cold in winter, but also solve the scaling problem arising from hard water. But also solar hot water system can really use a large area throughout the year. The innovative features of the product is hot water users are not direct contact with the collector, but through a coil heat exchanger heating the water tank, heat exchanger tubes in the flow, heat transfer directly ProBook 4310s battery with the collector is antifreeze or softened water (for hard water areas). This will ensure the hot water for cleaning, can solve the cracking and the collector pipe scaling problem, and because the pump forced circulation, improving the thermal efficiency of solar collector is very beneficial. Currently, Daqing City, has been completed throughout the year to use a heat pipe vacuum tube solar hot water system double circulation, clear weather in winter, the system can make water temperature 30-35 degrees, the effect is very obvious.

Many people bought a computer from up to retirement are not cleaned up their board, in fact clean-up board is not only the motherboard in order to maintain the surface clean, the power supply, memory and graphics cards and other internal plug-in also is important. Many motherboard failures are due to poor contact caused by motherboard slot, so the user is under the home environment

Conditions for a period of six months, regularly dust.

To dust when you remove all the cards, memory and power plug, remove the screws fixed board, remove the board, with a wool brush (with soft soft tool you can, make sure not to use the toothbrush) gently remove all parts of the dust. Be careful not to force too much or move too fast, so that the surface of the chip knocked motherboard components or cause components to loosen resulting in Weld. Never use hair dryer while other high-powered blast equipment clean to prevent dust while cleaning up their moisture into the motherboard may cause a short circuit.

2. How to ensure the insulation board

Motherboard and chassis Sometimes a metal part of the contact, a short circuit, how to avoid?

Board insulation problems often appear in the main board to replace the motherboard or install process, so when installing the PCGA-BP2E battery motherboard must pay attention to the motherboard and chassis, not short-circuit phenomenon, to avoid some unknown problem, such as light or certain functions can not be normal can not be used, etc., will be seriously burned motherboard.

Install the motherboard in the process, the best parts of the installation screws above and below the insulation mat washers are installed after the motherboard should be carefully examined whether the bottom and then place the short chassis, to be sure. Some users prefer to use inversion when the computer chassis, and to open the side cover to speed cooling, this time on the need to locate and tighten the screw, as the normal use will be as hard drives and chassis fan rotation shake, so screw loose Once the screw fell loose to cause a short circuit on the motherboard, motherboard no longer be used.

3. Motherboard put into the chassis will not start

Board outside the chassis, the system starts normally, but can not start into the case after, how is this going?

If the board outside the chassis, the system starts normally, but can not start into the case after, can be concluded that in the case of the above problem, a number of low-grade chassis from the factory on the emergence of many problems and hidden dangers, such as: easy leakage Ershi motherboard short circuit, causing inaccurate positioning holes motherboard for some time deformation, damage, etc.. The solution is to replace the new chassis.

4. Motherboard with a hardware upgrade skills

I want to upgrade their computer motherboards, the attention to?

Users because their computer does not meet the performance, often to upgrade IdeaPad U350W battery their hardware, then we must pay attention to new hardware and motherboards with the situation. For example, when the first thing to note CPU upgrade CPU and motherboard interface type is matched, if the motherboard is older Slot1 structure, upgrade the CPU can only buy or use of this interface adapter. Furthermore, we need to consider whether to support the new CPU board such as board can recognize new CPU, the availability of the necessary new CPU FSB, can support the new CPU’s frequency, can provide the appropriate voltage and frequency doubling. CPU voltage and frequency doubling are key to upgrade, because the current CPU voltage down to 1.5V so long ago, if the old motherboard can not provide the right voltage, CPU can not upgrade.

When graphics card upgrade, but also to ensure the board can – the voltage required for a new graphics card, if the board does not meet the needs of the new graphics on the voltage, forced upgrade may not display properly, or even damage the card. Furthermore, we need under the board’s support on the AGP transfer mode to choose a new graphics card.

Upgrade memory, the first type of memory the motherboard supports and then to buy. Today, mainly motherboard supports memory SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and RDRAM of three.

5. How to identify whether the board supports large hard drives

Not long ago, a friend bought a Maxtor DiamondMax 320GB hard drive three generations, but then the motherboard but still can not identify all the content set. While the last has done much to solve the problem, but whether your motherboard support the big hard drive over 137GB then? How can I quickly know whether your motherboard support the big hard drive over 137GB?

The easiest way is to use the “Intel 48-bit LBA Test Program” (Intel 48-bit LBA test produced a test program). It can detect whether the motherboard BIOS supports 48-bit LBA addressing mode, to determine whether your motherboard BIOS to support more than 137GB hard drive (48-bit addressing to support more than 137GB hard drive,

In DOS, run “48lbachk.exe”, first articulated in the search system of the ATA / ATAPI device and the corresponding prompts (such as the currently mounted drives, etc.). Different hardware systems, test results, the following three:

① “PASSED” said the BIOS supports 48-bit LBA.

② “FALED” said the BIOS does not support 48-bit LBA,

③ “UNDETERMINED” said the testing program can not determine whether the tested Portege T130 battery BIOS 48-bit LBA capability (the reason is mostly because the current system does not connect more than 137GB of hard drive).

So, when you get a larger than 137GB hard drive, can connect to the system and use the program to test. If you can correctly identify, then Congratulations, you can rest assured used; Otherwise, you will need to use the DM sort of third-party hard disk management tool, or update the motherboard BIOS to use all of the hard disk space, or replace a 48-bit addressing the board.

6. Motherboard compatibility so Niang

Replace the motherboard on my computer, the frequent hardware failure, how can I solve?

Most computer hardware is connected to the motherboard, motherboard and so will often not compatible between the various hardware phenomenon. For such problems, the user can try to use the BIOS default settings, if the problem can not be resolved, you can try to upgrade the motherboard BIOS to solve the problem.

There are other compatibility issues because of motherboard chipset technology causes, for example: Intel’s Technology White Paper shows, 1845G motherboard only supports DDR200/266 memory, so that the motherboard does not support DDR333 memory. Another example, some motherboard chipsets do not support more than 137GB of hard drive capacity, even if installed on a 180GB hard drive, the system can only recognize 137GB of hard disk space. This problem can be solve the problem through the following TravelMate 2300 battery methods:

① upgrade motherboard BIOS; ② using special tools provided by software vendors to partition and format the disk using the add-in card ③; ④ replace the motherboard.

Wireless mouse from there to now have a couple of years, and now the mouse is the most widely used wireless technology Bluetooth and 27MHZ, advantages and disadvantages of the two technologies are very obvious.

First, Bluetooth. This is one of the high-end wireless technology to provide maximum reliability, frequency range, security and scalability. Bluetooth wireless transceiver to connect the computer to receive from the wireless Bluetooth technology devices (such as keyboard and mouse) in the signal. A separate wireless transceiver simultaneously with up to 7 Bluetooth compatible device communication, thus greatly reducing the restriction on multi-cable. If you prefer the wireless desktop, Bluetooth technology is the best choice. In addition to these Pavilion dm3 battery advantages, the Bluetooth technology also provides high-end functionality and features, it’s convenient, reliable wireless connectivity, longer than other wireless technologies, wireless range, wireless transceiver with Bluetooth technology and equipment as much as 9 meters apart.

27MHZ is selling most of the wireless mouse and keyboard products using the technology. 27MHZ refers to the use 27MHZ ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) radio frequency band of a technology. In this frequency band has four channels worldwide: two for the wireless keyboard, wireless mouse for the other two. Keyboard and mouse on the computer to plug the receiver send information. Is a one-way transmission, from the keyboard or mouse to the receiver. Because other types of wireless devices such as cordless phones Portege T130 battery or wireless 〔network equipment) is rarely used 27 off the frequency, so little risk of interference from other devices. Keyboard and mouse each have two channels also reduced with other nearby wireless keyboard or mouse, the interference between the products.

Both techniques are available, 27M already quite mature, the use of this technology for wireless mouse, wireless keyboard and other products are more; and Bluetooth technology, while more mature, but products using this technology, performance, cost, relatively high. With these two advances in technology, cost and performance will be better. Therefore, the wireless mouse and other products in the future will become more popular.

(1) homojunction solar cell from the same material composition of one or more semiconductor pn junction solar cell. Such as silicon solar cells, GaAs solar cell and so on.

(2) heterojunction solar cells using two different band gap semiconductor material in the phase of the interface forms a hetero pn junction solar cell. Such as indium tin oxide – silicon solar cells, cuprous sulfide – cadmium sulfide solar cells and so on. If the two heterogeneous lattice structure similar to the interface is better lattice match, then known as the solar surface heterogeneity. Such as aluminum gallium arsenide – GaAs heterojunction solar cells and other surfaces.

(3) metal and semiconductor Schottky contacts for solar cells to form a “Schottky barrier” of the solar cell, solar cells, also known as MS. The principle is based on the metal – semiconductor contact under certain conditions, can produce rectifying Schottky contact effects. Has developed into a metal – oxide – semiconductor solar cell, which MOS solar cells; metal – insulator – semiconductor solar cells, solar cells or MIS. Such as platinum – Silicon Schottky solar cells, FUJITSU LifeBook M2011 battery aluminum – silicon Schottky barrier solar cells and so on.

Second, in accordance with the materials classified

(A) in accordance with the different materials can be categorized as follows.

(1) silicon solar cell silicon solar cell material as the matrix. Such as single crystal silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar cells, amorphous silicon solar cells and so on. Production of polycrystalline silicon solar cell material, with the purity of solar grade silicon is not too high, you can. The solar grade silicon metallurgical grade silicon by the simple process can be processed. Another strip of polysilicon materials, silicon, cast silicon, polycrystalline silicon and other films. Solar cells made with them are two kinds of film and sheet.

(2) inorganic compound semiconductor solar cells including: ① CdS solar cells to CdS single crystal or polycrystalline solar cells as the substrate material, such as cuprous sulfide – cadmium sulfide solar cells, cadmium telluride – cadmium sulfide solar cells, copper indium selenium, etc. ^ CdS solar cells; ② gallium arsenide solar cells to GaAs-based solar cell materials. As GaAs heterojunction solar cells, gallium arsenide heterojunction solar cell, etc..

(3) sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells to Ti02, Zn0, Sn02 and other wide band gap semiconductor oxide-based nano-electrode, using dye-sensitized, Lenovo IdeaPad U350 battery narrow band gap inorganic semiconductor sensitization, sensitization of transition metal ion doping organic dye / inorganic semiconductor-sensitizing and deposited on the surface Ti02 solar cell made of precious metals and other methods.

(4) organic solar cell with phthalocyanine, porphyrins, perylene, chlorophyll-based solar cell materials. Such as organic pn junction solar cell, solar cells and other organic Schottky type.

(5) plastic solar cells, such as polyacetylene solar cells, conjugated polymer / C40 composite solar cells and so on.

(B) The photoelectric conversion mechanism Categories

(1) Traditional solar cells absorb the photons are mainly those that produce electron – hole pairs (carriers) and carrier transport at the same time the solar cell. Such as silicon solar cells, CdS solar cells, GaAs solar cell and so on.

(2) exciton absorption of solar photons are mainly those that produce excitation states, then the electron transfer of the solar cell. Such solar cells absorb light energy and transmission charges are borne by the dye and semiconductor. Such as organic solar cells, plastic solar cell, HP ProBook 4311s battery quantum well cell (only in theory>.

Book focuses on organic solar cells, plastic solar cells, but because of this Type II cell theory is not perfect, is still drawing most of the traditional theory of solar cells.

It has probably happened to you before; you were working on an important presentation or perhaps a complicated Excel spreadsheet when your laptop suddenly warned you that the battery was low. You rush to save your work before everything closes down. Or perhaps you just charged your laptop, believed all would be fine and suddenly an issue occurred. It’s happened to all of us, so let’s take look at the most common laptop battery problems that people experience and what may be done to prevent them. (Click here to buy Lenovo 3000 G530 battery battery.)

Batteries, as you probably know, can be extremely expensive. The main reason for this is that the manufacturer of any particular laptop is the only manufacturer for the battery as well. Each laptop will only work with one certain battery and most are not interchangeable as everyday batteries are. (Click here to buy Lenovo 3000 N500 battery battery.)

Because of this, owners are not given the opportunity to shop around and compare prices. Many times, the battery itself is almost as expensive as the laptop. For this reason, we are discussing the most common laptop battery problems.(Click here to buy Lenovo 3000 Y500 battery battery.)

One of the most common problems is called memory effect. This is a term used to describe what happens when an owner constantly recharges the battery without it discharging fully. For example, you may have worked on your laptop all day and noticed in the evening that the battery had roughly half life left. You then charge the battery overnight and wake up to a fully charged one. This may seem like a good idea, however charging a battery that is not fully discharged and in need of charging will eventually cause memory effect and begin to last less and less time for you until eventually a so-called fully charged battery only lasts minutes. While batteries are not alive, this is referred to as the battery forgetting that it has unused capacity and it discharges faster each time that it is used. This can all be avoided if you only recharge your laptop battery when it truly needs charging.(Click here to buy Lenovo 3000 Y510 battery battery.)

Another one of the most common laptop battery problems is when a laptop is left sitting unused, with the battery still in it. Even while not in use, the battery will slowly be drained. You will then find that when you do finally try to turn on your laptop, the battery is dead . This can be avoided by taking out the battery if you will not be using your laptop for several days to a week or longer.(Click here to buy Lenovo E42 battery battery.)

Another issue that is one of the most common laptop battery problems is an overheating battery. Have you ever been at work on your machine and realized that the battery was becoming very hot to the touch? If this happens, the battery would be removed and allowed to cool off. If this issue continues to happen, it may be a defective battery. It is then recommend to not use that battery as doing so could cause damage to your machine.(Click here to buy Lenovo IdeaPad U330 battery battery.)

You can also experience battery problems if you allow your battery to completely discharge outside the laptop. You should check the battery while it in storage so it will not be allowed to completely discharge. This could also prevent the laptop from accepting the battery when you place it back into the computer.(Click here to buy Lenovo IdeaPad Y330 battery battery.)

If your laptop battery becomes hot to the touch you will need to remove the battery and allow it to cool off. If this problem continues when you replace the battery in the laptop, you will probably have a defective battery. It is best to remove the battery and replace it since a defective battery could cause extensive damage to the laptop. Check with the manufactured to see if your particular battery has been recalled.(Click here to buy Lenovo Ideapad Y430 battery battery.)

Yeah, maybe you got a lemon, but no matter which brand you bought, you truly are not alone in this situation: An analysis of 30,000 new laptops from SquareTrade, which provides aftermarket warranty coverage for electronics products, has found that in the first three years of ownership, nearly a third of laptops (31 percent) will fail.

That’s actually  better than I would have expected based on my experience and observations on how people treat their equipment.

SquareTrade has more detailed information (the full PDF of the company’s study is available here) on the research on its website. But here are some highlights about how, why, and which laptops fail:

> 20.4 percent of failures are due to hardware malfunctions. 10.6 percent are due to drops, spills, or other accidental damage.

> Netbooks have a roughly 20 percent higher failure rate due to hardware malfunctions than standard laptops. The more you pay for your laptop, the less likely it is to fail in general (maybe because you’re more careful with it?).

> The most reliable companies? A shocker: Toshiba and Asus, both with below a 16 percent failure rate due to hardware malfunction.

> The least reliable brands? Acer, Gateway, and HP. HP’s hardware malfunction rate, the worst in SquareTrade’s analysis, is a whopping 25.6 percent.

None of the numbers are overly surprising. As SquareTrade notes, “the typical laptop endures more use and abuse than nearly any other consumer electronic device (with the possible exception of cell phones),” so failures are really inevitable.

Want to keep your notebook running for longer than a few years? Ensure your laptop is as drop-proofed as possible (use a padded bag or case, route cords so they won’t be tripped on, lock children in another room), and protect it as best you can from heat and dust.